{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:31:54Z","timestamp":1781350314107,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M011216\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011216\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/N011759\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/N011759\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small, isolated populations are often characterised by low levels of genetic diversity. This can result in inbreeding depression and reduced capacity to adapt to changes in the environment, and therefore higher risk of extinction. However, sometimes these populations can be rescued if allowed to increase in size or if migrants enter, bringing in new allelic variation and thus increasing genetic diversity. This study uses experimental manipulation of population size and migration to quantify their effects on fitness in a challenging environment to better understand genetic rescue. Using small, replicated populations of <jats:italic>Tribolium castaneum<\/jats:italic> experimentally evolved to different temperature regimes we tested genetic and demographic rescue, by performing large\u2010scale manipulations of population size and migration and examining fitness consequences over multiple generations. We measured fitness in high temperature (38\u00b0C) thermal lines maintained at their usual \u2018small\u2019 population size of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009100 individuals, and with \u2018large\u2019 scaled up duplicates containing <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u224810,000 individuals. We compared these large lines with and without migration (<jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.1) for 10 generations. Additionally, we assessed the effects of outcrossing at an individual level, by comparing fitness of hybrid (thermal line \u00d7 stock) offspring with within\u2010line crosses. We found that, at the population level, a rapid increase in the number of individuals in the population resulted in reduced fitness (represented by reproductive output and survival through heatwave conditions), regardless of migration. However, at an individual level, the hybrid offspring of migrants with native individuals generally demonstrated increased longevity in high temperature conditions compared with individuals from thermal selection lines. Overall, these populations showed no evidence that demographic manipulations led to genetic or evolutionary rescue. Following the effects of migration in individuals over several generations may be the next step in unravelling these conflicting results. We discuss these findings in the context of conservation intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1714386792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tests of evolutionary and genetic rescue using flour beetles, <i>Tribolium castaneum<\/i>, experimentally evolved to thermal conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4739-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-330X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Pointer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Friend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J. G.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0874-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis G.","family":"Spurgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.0261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-017-1031-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-008-9547-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3626934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704949114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4955"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(75)90052-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"The impacts of heat\u2010wave conditions on reproduction in a model insect, Tribolium castaneum","author":"Dickinson M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voae031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10061500.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.153973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(00)00203-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction","volume":"10","author":"Gilpin M. E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb05971.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-009-9999-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:1<47::AID-ZOO7>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-014-0604-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300048148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504732112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02065-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/420472a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1910(99)00153-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192891"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Population biology and the Tribolium model","volume":"5","author":"King C.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3420403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691224039-005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623400.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02497-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","unstructured":"Lewis R. Pointer M. D. Friend L. A. Lewis A. Gage M. J. G. Spurgin L. G. &Chapman T.(in preparation).Complex evolutionary responses to effects of developmental temperature on adult reproduction in a model beetle."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012550620717"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Restoration of an inbred adder population","volume":"402","author":"Madsen T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.4.693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Sexual selection and reproductive compatibility in Tribolium castaneum","author":"Michalczyk L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3139","article-title":"Eco\u2010evolutionary dynamics of range expansion","volume":"20","author":"Miller T. E. X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-021-00420-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"The effect of population size on effective population size: An empirical study in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum","volume":"68","author":"Pray L.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistics computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","volume-title":"Impacts of heatwave conditions and temperature variation on reproduction in the insect model, Tribolium castaneum","author":"Sales K.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07273-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","unstructured":"Schloerke B. Crowley J. &Cook D.(2018).Package \u2018GGally\u2019. Extension to \u2018ggplot2\u2019. See 713."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2004.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.191.4224.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/137.1.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.2.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(98)00066-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","unstructured":"Therneau T. M.(2015).A package for survival analysis in R. R Package Version 2.7."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"Therneau T. M.(2018).Coxme: Mixed effects cox models R. R Package Version 2.2\u201010."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3796784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1887214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","volume-title":"Evolution and the genetics of populations, vol. 3. Experimental results and evolutionary deductions","author":"Wright S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.122150"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.11313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T17:26:00Z","timestamp":1726593960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.11313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.11313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11313","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e11313"}}