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During times of nutritional restriction, physiological trade\u2010offs can induce periods of immune suppression, thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious disease. Our goal was to provide a conceptual framework describing how the endemic level bovine brucellosis (<jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>) may be maintained in Yellowstone bison based on the seasonality of food resources and the life\u2010history strategies of the host and pathogen. Our analysis was based on active <jats:italic>B.\u00a0abortus<\/jats:italic> infection (measured via bacterial culture), nutritional indicators (measured as metabolites and hormones in plasma), and carcass measurements of 402 slaughtered bison. Data from Yellowstone bison were used to investigate (1) whether seasonal changes in diet quality affect nutritional condition and coincide with the reproductive needs of female bison; (2) whether active <jats:italic>B.\u00a0abortus<\/jats:italic> infection and infection intensities vary with host nutrition and nutritional condition; and (3) the evidence for seasonal changes in immune responses, which may offer protection against <jats:italic>B.\u00a0abortus<\/jats:italic>, in relation to nutritional condition. Female bison experienced a decline in nutritional condition during winter as reproductive demands of late gestation increased while forage quality and availability declined. Active <jats:italic>B.\u00a0abortus<\/jats:italic> infection was negatively associated with bison age and nutritional condition, with the intensity of infection negatively associated with indicators of nutrition (e.g., dietary protein and energy) and body weight. Data suggest that protective cell\u2010mediated immune responses may be reduced during the <jats:italic>B.\u00a0abortus<\/jats:italic> transmission period, which coincides with nutritional insufficiencies and elevated reproductive demands during spring. Our results illustrate how seasonal food restriction can drive physiological trade\u2010offs that suppress immune function and create infection and transmission opportunities for pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T11:04:09Z","timestamp":1440068649000},"page":"3783-3799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Maintenance of brucellosis in Yellowstone bison: linking seasonal food resources, host\u2013pathogen interaction, and life\u2010history trade\u2010offs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"John J.","family":"Treanor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168 Mammoth Hot Springs Wyoming 82190"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Geremia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168 Mammoth Hot Springs Wyoming 82190"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Ballou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane H.","family":"Keisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences University of Missouri Columbia Missouri 65211"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Park Service Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168 Mammoth Hot Springs Wyoming 82190"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40546"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2390047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icq055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information\u2010theoretical approach","author":"Burnham K. 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