{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:42:33Z","timestamp":1791924153650,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012095","name":"Scottish Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among\u2010individual variation in antibody\u2010associated immunity to gastrointestinal nematode parasites (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content>) is known be associated with life\u2010history traits and vital rates in wild vertebrate systems. To date, measurement of levels of antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content> antigens in natural populations has exclusively been based on invasive blood sampling techniques. Previous work in laboratory rodents and ruminant livestock suggests that antibody measures from feces may provide a viable noninvasive approach. We measured total and anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies of different isotypes (immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgE) from paired samples of plasma and feces from free\u2010living Soay sheep of different ages and sexes. We tested the correlations among these measures as well as their associations with body mass and Strongyle nematode fecal egg counts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FEC<\/jats:styled-content>). Significant positive correlations were present among plasma and fecal anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content> antibody levels for IgG and IgA. Generally, correlations between total antibody levels in plasma and feces were weaker and not significant. No significant relationships were found between any antibody measures and body mass; however, fecal anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content> antibody levels were significantly negatively correlated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FEC<\/jats:styled-content>. Our data clearly demonstrate the feasibility of measuring anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIN<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies from fecal samples collected in natural populations. Although associations of fecal antibody levels with their plasma counterparts and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FEC<\/jats:styled-content> were relatively weak, the presence of significant correlations in the predicted direction in a relatively small and heterogeneous sample suggests fecal antibody measures could be a useful, noninvasive addition to current eco\u2010immunological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T10:03:15Z","timestamp":1449655395000},"page":"56-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Fecal antibody levels as a noninvasive method for measuring immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in ecological studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Watt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Nussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Maclellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill G.","family":"Pilkington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom N.","family":"McNeilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3311-3316.1998","article-title":"Intestinal immune responses to an inactivated oral enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine and associated immunoglobulin A responses in blood","volume":"66","author":"Ahren C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. 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