{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:14:49Z","timestamp":1767626089937},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]],"date-time":"2016-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31270387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31270387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most plants are pollinated passively, but active pollination has evolved among insects that depend on ovule fertilization for larval development. Anther\u2010to\u2010ovule ratios (A\/O ratios, a coarse indicator of pollen\u2010to\u2010ovule ratios) are strong indicators of pollination mode in fig trees and are consistent within most species. However, unusually high values and high variation of A\/O ratios (0.096\u201310.0) were detected among male plants from 41 natural populations of <jats:italic>Ficus tikoua<\/jats:italic> in China. Higher proportions of male (staminate) flowers were associated with a change in their distribution within the figs, from circum\u2010ostiolar to scattered. Plants bearing figs with ostiolar or scattered male flowers were geographically separated, with scattered male flowers found mainly on the Yungui Plateau in the southwest of our sample area. The A\/O ratios of most <jats:italic>F.\u00a0tikoua<\/jats:italic> figs were indicative of passive pollination, but its <jats:italic>Ceratosolen<\/jats:italic> fig wasp pollinator actively loads pollen into its pollen pockets. Additional pollen was also carried on their body surface and pollinators emerging from scattered\u2010flower figs had more surface pollen. Large amounts of pollen grains on the insects' body surface are usually indicative of a passive pollinator. This is the first recorded case of an actively pollinated <jats:italic>Ficus<\/jats:italic> species producing large amounts of pollen. Overall high A\/O ratios, particularly in some populations, in combination with actively pollinating pollinators, may reflect a response by the plant to insufficient quantities of pollen transported in the wasps\u2019 pollen pockets, together with geographic variation in this pollen limitation. This suggests an unstable scenario that could lead to eventual loss of wasp active pollination behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,10]],"date-time":"2016-01-10T19:54:22Z","timestamp":1452455662000},"page":"607-619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Extremely high proportions of male flowers and geographic variation in floral ratios within male figs of <i>Ficus tikoua<\/i> despite pollinators displaying active pollen collection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jun\u2010Yin","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong\u2010Hua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai\u2010Mei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u2010Shui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Life Science and Biotechnology Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Kjellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier Universit\u00e9 Paul\u2010Val\u00e9ry Montpellier EPHE Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(96)10064-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-8024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3767\/000651904X486278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Flora Malesiana. 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