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For example, hypopigmentation has been observed in numerous marine mammal species but the underlying mutations have not been identified. A particularly compelling candidate gene for explaining color polymorphism is the melanocortin 1 receptor (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>), which plays a key role in the regulation of pigment production. We therefore used Antarctic fur seals (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>rctocephalus gazella<\/jats:italic>) as a highly tractable marine mammal system with which to test for an association between nucleotide variation at the<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>and melanin\u2010based coat color phenotypes. By sequencing 70 wild\u2010type individuals with dark\u2010colored coats and 26 hypopigmented individuals with cream\u2010colored coats, we identified a nonsynonymous mutation that results in the substitution of serine with phenylalanine at an evolutionarily highly conserved structural domain. All of the hypopigmented individuals were homozygous for the allele coding for phenylalanine, consistent with a recessive loss\u2010of\u2010function allele. In order to test for cryptic population structure, which can generate artefactual associations, and to evaluate whether homozygosity at the<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>could be indicative of low genome\u2010wide heterozygosity, we also genotyped all of the individuals at 50 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We were unable to detect any population structure and also found that wild\u2010type and hypopigmented individuals did not differ significantly in their standardized multilocus heterozygosity. Such a lack of association implies that hypopigmented individuals are unlikely to suffer disproportionately from inbreeding depression, and hence, we have no reason to believe that they are at a selective disadvantage in the wider population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,23]],"date-time":"2016-07-23T04:06:43Z","timestamp":1469246803000},"page":"5705-5717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Born blonde: a recessive loss\u2010of\u2010function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in<scp>A<\/scp>ntarctic fur seals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany"},{"name":"College of Medical, Veterinary &amp; Life Sciences University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Humble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany"},{"name":"British Antarctic Survey High Cross, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 OET UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Kr\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaume","family":"Forcada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey High Cross, Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 OET UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph I.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Behaviour University of Bielefeld Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-19572008000200017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-008-0500-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguayo A.1978.The Present Status of the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella at South Shetland Islands. 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