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Here, we investigate whether host\u2010mediated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> editing of adenosines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content>) plays a role in the molecular evolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ZIKV<\/jats:styled-content>. Using complete coding sequences for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ZIKV<\/jats:styled-content> polyprotein, we show that potential <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content> substitutions are underrepresented at the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010resistant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GA<\/jats:styled-content> dinucleotides of both the positive and negative strands, that these changes are spatially and temporally clustered (as expected of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content> editing) for three branches of the viral phylogeny, and that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content> mutagenesis can be linked to its codon usage. Furthermore, resistant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GA<\/jats:styled-content> dinucleotides are enriched on the positive (but not negative) strand, indicating that the former is under stronger purifying selection than the latter. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content> editing also affects the evolution of the rhabdovirus sigma. Our study now documents that host <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADAR<\/jats:styled-content> editing is a mutation and evolutionary force of positive\u2010 as well as negative\u2010strand <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,16]],"date-time":"2017-05-16T02:06:38Z","timestamp":1494900398000},"page":"4475-4485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["RNA editing by the host ADAR system affects the molecular evolution of the Zika virus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Piontkivska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University  Kent OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Frederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University  Kent OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta L.","family":"Wayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","article-title":"Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016","volume":"21","author":"Barzon L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance Weekly"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-10-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00651-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90043-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Clinical application of CpG\u2010, non\u2010CpG\u2010, and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides as immunomodulators","volume":"10","author":"Dorn A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2323"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"580","volume-title":"Inferring phylogenies","author":"Felsenstein F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"Fields B. 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