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Such differences may be predictable among tree species, and more generally among plant life history strategies and growth forms. We used field\u2010collected electrical resistivity data in temperate and tropical forests to model how the distribution of power from a lightning discharge varies with tree size and identity, and with the presence of lianas. Estimated heating density (heat generated per volume of tree tissue) and maximum power (maximum rate of heating) from a standardized lightning discharge differed 300% among tree species. Tree size and morphology also were important; the heating density of a hypothetical 10\u00a0m tall <jats:italic>Alseis blackiana<\/jats:italic> was 49 times greater than for a 30\u00a0m tall conspecific, and 127 times greater than for a 30\u00a0m tall <jats:italic>Dipteryx panamensis<\/jats:italic>. Lianas may protect trees from lightning by conducting electric current; estimated heating and maximum power were reduced by 60% (\u00b17.1%) for trees with one liana and by 87% (\u00b14.0%) for trees with three lianas. This study provides the first quantitative mechanism describing how differences among trees can influence lightning\u2013tree interactions, and how lianas can serve as natural lightning rods for trees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T01:38:07Z","timestamp":1505266687000},"page":"8523-8534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of lightning on trees: A predictive model based on in situ electrical resistivity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan M.","family":"Gora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Louisville  Louisville KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Bitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville  Huntsville AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Burchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville  Huntsville AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Schnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University  Milwaukee WI USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Balboa Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Yanoviak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Louisville  Louisville KY USA"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute  Balboa Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2005043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-14-00193.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Observations on climatic damage in peat swamp forest in Sarawak","volume":"43","author":"Anderson A. 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