{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:40:38Z","timestamp":1786977638254,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1144423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1144423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The relationship between body size and temperature of mammals is poorly resolved, especially for large keystone species such as bison (\n                    <jats:italic>Bison bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:italic>Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    are well represented in the fossil record across North America, which provides an opportunity to relate body size to climate within a species. We measured the length of a leg bone (calcaneal tuber, DstL) in 849 specimens from 60 localities that were dated by stratigraphy and\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C decay. We estimated body mass (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0(DstL\/11.49)\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Average annual temperature was estimated from \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values in the ice cores from Greenland. Calcaneal tuber length of\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0declined over the last 40,000\u00a0years, that is, average body mass was 37% larger (910\u00a0\u00b1\u00a050\u00a0kg) than today (665\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021\u00a0kg). Average annual temperature has warmed by 6\u00b0C since the Last Glacial Maximum (~24\u201318\u00a0kya) and is predicted to further increase by 4\u00b0C by the end of the 21st century. If body size continues to linearly respond to global temperature,\n                    <jats:italic>Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    body mass will likely decline by an additional 46%, to 357\u00a0\u00b1\u00a054\u00a0kg, with an increase of 4\u00b0C globally. The rate of mass loss is 41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00a0kg per\u00b0C increase in global temperature. Changes in body size of\n                    <jats:italic>Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be a result of migration, disease, or human harvest but those effects are likely to be local and short\u2010term and not likely to persist over the long time scale of the fossil record. The strong correspondence between body size of bison and air temperature is more likely the result of persistent effects on the ability to grow and the consequences of sustaining a large body mass in a warming environment. Continuing rises in global temperature will likely depress body sizes of bison, and perhaps other large grazers, without human intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T18:59:29Z","timestamp":1523386769000},"page":"4564-4574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Bison body size and climate change"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"},{"name":"Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology Johnson City TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4975-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim I.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology Johnson City TN USA"},{"name":"The Mammoth Site Hot Springs SD USA"},{"name":"Desert Laboratory on Tumamoc Hill University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1489-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry S.","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(99)00062-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362527a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES10-00152.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.128454","volume-title":"A guide to the identification of postcranial bones of Bos taurus and Bison bison","author":"Balkwill D. 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