{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:31:09Z","timestamp":1771230669766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey and Sea Duck Joint Venture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dispersal shapes demographic processes and therefore is fundamental to understanding biological, ecological, and evolutionary processes acting within populations. However, assessing population connectivity in scoters (<jats:italic>Melanitta<\/jats:italic>sp.) is challenging as these species have large spatial distributions that span remote landscapes, have varying nesting distributions (disjunct vs. continuous), exhibit unknown levels of dispersal, and vary in the timing of the formation of pair bonds (winter vs. fall\/spring migration) that may influence the distribution of genetic diversity. Here, we used double\u2010digest restriction\u2010associated DNA sequence (ddRAD) and microsatellite genotype data to assess population structure within the three North American species of scoter (black scoter,<jats:italic>M.\u00a0americana<\/jats:italic>; white\u2010winged scoter,<jats:italic>M.\u00a0deglandi<\/jats:italic>; surf scoter,<jats:italic>M.\u00a0perspicillata<\/jats:italic>), and between their European congeners (common scoter,<jats:italic>M.\u00a0nigra<\/jats:italic>; velvet scoter,<jats:italic>M.\u00a0fusca<\/jats:italic>). We uncovered no or weak genomic structure (ddRAD<jats:italic>\u03a6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.019; microsatellite<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.004) within North America but high levels of structure among European congeners (ddRAD<jats:italic>\u03a6<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.155, microsatellite<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.086). The pattern of limited genomic structure within North America is shared with other sea duck species and is often attributed to male\u2010biased dispersal. Further, migratory tendencies (east vs. west) of female surf and white\u2010winged scoters in central Canada are known to vary across years, providing additional opportunities for intracontinental dispersal and a mechanism for the maintenance of genomic connectivity across North America. In contrast, the black scoter had relatively elevated levels of divergence between Alaska and Atlantic sites and a second genetic cluster found in Alaska at ddRAD loci was concordant with its disjunct breeding distribution suggestive of a dispersal barrier (behavioral or physical). Although scoter populations appear to be connected through a dispersal network, a small percentage (&lt;4%) of ddRAD loci had elevated divergence which may be useful in linking areas (nesting, molting, staging, and wintering) throughout the annual cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T06:18:54Z","timestamp":1559629134000},"page":"7246-7261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Coast to coast: High genomic connectivity in North American scoters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Sonsthagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr. Anchorage Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1800-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr. Anchorage Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Lavretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr. Anchorage Alaska"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr. Anchorage Alaska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-246"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Admixture 1.22 software manual","author":"Alexander D. H.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2004.27.0451","article-title":"Components of population growth rate for white\u2010winged scoters in Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"27","author":"Alisauskas R. T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901069106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"The birds of North America","author":"Anderson E. M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421407517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International(2016a).Melanitta americana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22732425A95046903. doi: 10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016\u20103.RLTS.T22732425A95046903.en. Downloaded on 19 September 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International(2016b).Melanitta perspicillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680441A92862827. doi: 10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016\u20103.RLTS.T22680441A92862827.en. Downloaded on 19 September 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International(2018a).Melanitta deglandi(amended version of 2016 assessment).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22734194A122277046. Downloaded on 19 September 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International(2018b).Melanitta fusca(amended version of 2016 assessment).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724836A122181884. Downloaded on 19 September 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International(2018c).Melanitta nigra(amended version of 2016 assessment).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724879A122247609. 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