{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T21:28:02Z","timestamp":1776202082898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#APP1121936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#APP1121936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by members of the <jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complexes. The <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> species complex has a strong environmental association with eucalypt hollows (particularly <jats:italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis<\/jats:italic>), which may present a source of infection. It remains unclear whether a specific mycobiome is required to support its environmental survival and growth. Conventional detection of environmental <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. involves culture on differential media, such as <jats:italic>Guizotia abyssinica<\/jats:italic> seed agar. Next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS)\u2010based culture\u2010independent identification aids in contextualising these species in the environmental mycobiome. Samples from 23 Australian tree hollows were subjected to both culture\u2010 and amplicon\u2010based metagenomic analysis to characterize the mycobiome and assess relationships between <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. and other fungal taxa. The most abundant genera detected were <jats:italic>Coniochaeta<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>, all being commonly isolated from decaying wood. There was no correlation between the presence of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. in a tree hollow and the presence of any other fungal genus. Some differences in the abundance of numerous taxa were noted in a differential heat tree comparing samples with or without <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>\u2010NGS reads. The study expanded the known environmental niche of the <jats:italic>C.\u00a0gattii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complexes in Australia with detections from a further five tree species. Discrepancies between the detection of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. using culture or NGS suggest that neither is superior per se and that, rather, these methodologies are complementary. The inherent biases of amplicon\u2010based metagenomics require cautious interpretation of data through consideration of its biological relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:41:10Z","timestamp":1565174470000},"page":"9684-9700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The mycobiome of Australian tree hollows in relation to the <i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i> and <i>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/i> species complexes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Schmertmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"The Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Irinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"The Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6025-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Education, Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wieland","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"The Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark B.","family":"Krockenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.111190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fow045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.574239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3767\/003158510X500705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Atlas of clinical fungi","author":"De Hoog G. 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