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In particular, systems comprising multiple contacts between sister species offer an outstanding opportunity to investigate how reproductive isolation varies with environmental conditions, demography and geographic contexts of divergence. The flat periwinkles, <jats:italic>Littorina obtusata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. fabalis<\/jats:italic> (Gastropoda), are two intertidal sister species with marked ecological differences compatible with late stages of speciation. Although hybridization between the two was previously suggested, its extent across the Atlantic shores of Europe remained largely unknown. Here, we combined genetic (microsatellites and mtDNA) and morphological data (shell and male genital morphology) from multiple populations of flat periwinkles in north\u2010western Iberia to assess the extent of current and past hybridization between <jats:italic>L. obtusata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. fabalis<\/jats:italic> under two contrasting geographic settings of divergence (sympatry and allopatry). Hybridization signatures based on both mtDNA and microsatellites were stronger in sympatric sites, although evidence for recent extensive admixture was found in a single location. Misidentification of individuals into species based on shell morphology was higher in sympatric than in allopatric sites. However, despite hybridization, species distinctiveness based on this phenotypic trait together with male genital morphology remained relatively high. The observed variation in the extent of hybridization among locations provides a rare opportunity for future studies on the consequences of different levels of gene flow for reinforcement, thus informing about the mechanisms underlying the completion of speciation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T20:22:44Z","timestamp":1579638164000},"page":"1158-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hybridization patterns between two marine snails, <i>Littorina fabalis<\/i> and <i>L. obtusata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2010InBIO Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Universidade do Porto Vair\u00e3o Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graciela","family":"Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2010InBIO Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Universidade do Porto Vair\u00e3o Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigoni","family":"Kaliontzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2010InBIO Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Universidade do Porto Vair\u00e3o Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1728-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2010InBIO Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Universidade do Porto Vair\u00e3o Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4736-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Butlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"},{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4207-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Aquatic Ecology Unit Lund University Lund Sweden"},{"name":"Global Ocean Institute World Maritime University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2010InBIO Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos Universidade do Porto Vair\u00e3o Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Adams D. 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