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In this study, we investigate how evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater habitats affect macroevolutionary adaptive landscapes, using needlefishes (Belonidae) as a model system. We examined the evolution of body shape and size in marine and freshwater needlefishes and tested for phenotypic change in response to transitions between habitats. Using micro\u2010computed tomographic (\u00b5CT) scanning and geometric morphometrics, we quantified body shape, size, and vertebral counts of 31 belonid species. We then examined the pattern and tempo of body shape and size evolution using phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results show that transitions from marine to freshwater habitats have altered the adaptive landscape for needlefishes and expanded morphospace relative to marine taxa. We provide further evidence that freshwater taxa attain reduced sizes either through dwarfism (as inferred from axial skeletal reduction) or through developmental truncation (as inferred from axial skeletal loss). We propose that transitions to freshwater habitats produce morphological novelty in response to novel prey resources and changes in locomotor demands. We find that repeated invasions of different habitats have prompted predictable changes in morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T07:45:30Z","timestamp":1583567130000},"page":"3769-3783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Habitat transitions alter the adaptive landscape and shape phenotypic evolution in needlefishes (Belonidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Kolmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates Ithaca NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin Y. K.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Lovejoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin D.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences &amp; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syx055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Geomorph: Software for geometric morphometric analyses. R package version 3.0.5","author":"Adams D. 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