{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:23:39Z","timestamp":1773455019036,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RN000480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RN000480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals within a group do not all act in the same way: Typically, the investors (or producers) put efforts into producing resources while the free riders (or scroungers) benefit from these resources without contributing. In behavioral ecology, the prevalence of free riders can be predicted by a well\u2010known game\u2010theoretical model\u2014the producer\u2013scrounger (PS) model\u2014where group members have the options to either search for resources (producers) or exploit the efforts of others (scroungers). The PS model has received some empirical support, but its predictions, surprisingly, are based on the strict assumption that only one resource can be exploited at a time. Yet, multiple simultaneous opportunities to exploit others\u2019 efforts should frequently occur in nature. Here, we combine analytic and simulation approaches to explore the effect of multiple simultaneous scrounging opportunities on tactic use. Our analyses demonstrate that scrounging rates should increase with the number of simultaneous opportunities. As such, the amount and spatial distribution (i.e., clumped vs. dispersed) of resources as well as the risk of predation are key predictors of scrounging behavior. Because scroungers contribute to reducing the speed of resource exploitation, the model proposed here has direct relevance to the exploitation and sustainability of renewable resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T07:54:22Z","timestamp":1587023662000},"page":"4343-4351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Consequences of multiple simultaneous opportunities to exploit others\u2019 efforts on free riding"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8965-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Dubois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Richard\u2010Dionne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2872"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262036122.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-002-0500-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Social dilemmas","volume":"31","author":"Dawes R. 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