{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:42:20Z","timestamp":1787172140439,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie\u2010Jos\u00e9e_Fortin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie\u2010Jos\u00e9e_Fortin"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GE 3103\/1\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GE 3103\/1\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wildlife abundance and movement are strongly impacted by landscape heterogeneity, especially in cities which are among the world's most heterogeneous landscapes. Nonetheless, current global land cover maps, which are used as a basis for large\u2010scale spatial ecological modeling, represent urban areas as a single, homogeneous, class. This often requires urban ecologists to rely on geographic resources from local governments, which are not comparable between cities and are not available in underserved countries, limiting the spatial scale at which urban conservation issues can be tackled. The recent expansion of community\u2010based geographic databases, for example, OpenStreetMap (OSM), represents an opportunity for ecologists to generate large\u2010scale maps geared toward their specific research needs. However, computational differences in language and format, and the high diversity of information within, limit the access to these data. We provide a framework, using R, to extract geographic features from the OSM database, classify, and integrate them into global land cover maps. The framework includes an exhaustive list of OSM features describing urban and peri\u2010urban landscapes and is validated by quantifying the completeness of the OSM features characterized, and the accuracy of its final output in 34 cities in North America. We portray its application as the basis for generating landscape variables for ecological analysis by using the OSM\u2010enhanced map to generate an urbanization index, and subsequently analyze the spatial occupancy of six mammals throughout Chicago, Illinois, USA. The OSM features characterized had high completeness values for impervious land cover classes (50%\u2013100%). The final output, the OSM\u2010enhance map, provided an 89% accurate representation of the landscape at 30m resolution. The OSM\u2010derived urbanization index outperformed other global spatial data layers in the spatial occupancy analysis and concurred with previously seen local response trends, whereby lagomorphs and squirrels responded positively to urbanization, while skunks, raccoons, opossums, and deer responded negatively. This study provides a roadmap for ecologists to leverage the fine resolution of open\u2010source geographic databases and apply it to spatial modeling by generating research\u2010specific landscape variables. As our occupancy results show, using context\u2010specific maps can improve modeling outputs and reduce uncertainty, especially when trying to understand anthropogenic impacts on wildlife populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T14:31:17Z","timestamp":1728570677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Leveraging Open\u2010Source Geographic Databases to Enhance the Representation of Landscape Heterogeneity in Ecological Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-5255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana\u00a0A.","family":"Gelmi\u2010Candusso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mason","family":"Fidino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth\u00a0W.","family":"Lehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Magle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservation and Science Lincoln Park Zoo  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Jos\u00e9e","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2023.100109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13\u20101088.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Version 3 Globe 2015\u20132019: Product User Manual","author":"Buchhorn M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540\u20109295(2007)5[80:SHIUER]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.891595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).2023.\u201c2020 Land Cover of North America at 30 Meters(1.0) [Raster digital data]. 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