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Here, we compare functional disparity measured by biomechanical proxies and character disparity measured by discrete morphological characters. Functional and character disparities vary between clades and ecological groups and are thus decoupled. Comparisons with cranial disparity also indicate decoupled patterns within the turtle skull. Exploration of mandibular patterns reveals that several biomechanical configurations or character state combinations can lead to the same feeding type (i.e., convergence) or that high functional disparity can be achieved at a low exhaustion of character state combinations (e.g., cryptodires). Dietary specialists show larger functional disparity than generalists, but the phylogenetically widespread generalist ecology leads to high character disparity signals in the ecotype. Whereas character disparity generally shows high phylogenetic signal, functional disparity patterns correspond to dietary specializations, which may occur convergently across different groups. Despite this, individual functional measurements have overlapping ranges across ecogroups and do not always conform to biomechanical expectations. Jaw opening and closing biomechanical advantages model trade\u2010offs between force transmission and opening\/closing speeds, and turtles show a variety of combinations of values that we try to synthesize into several \u201cjaw types\u201d. Closing mechanical advantage shows that turtles retain high levels of force transmission at the anterior jaw end compared with other groups (e.g., pseudosuchians). This can possibly be explained as an evolutionary adaptation to retain high bite forces at small head sizes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T21:14:22Z","timestamp":1731532462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Functional and Character Disparity Are Decoupled in Turtle Mandibles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-2565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Ponstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Oertijdmuseum  WB Boxtel Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6917-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Hermanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of Fribourg  Fribourg Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merlin W.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9107-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Renaudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Fr\u00f6bisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serjoscha W.","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of Fribourg  Fribourg Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/41.6.1299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Anderson N. 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