{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1780459561659,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Rapidly changing environments are contributing to the spread of non\u2010native species and their associated pathogens into new and vulnerable ecosystems, such as the Galapagos archipelago. These pathogens represent a significant threat to emblematic species. The Galapagos sea lion (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Zalophus wollebaeki<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) (GSL) is an endangered and endemic pinniped that is increasingly at risk of acquiring infectious diseases due to interactions with introduced companion animals. Previously, we reported the first detection of antigens from\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the parasite that causes canine heartworm disease, in the GSL. To investigate further, we developed a multifilarial PCR assay and successfully detected DNA from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>D.\u2009immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the closely related\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Dirofilaria\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">repens<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    in 10.7% of our sample cohort of juvenile GSLs. This assay, based on a conserved region in the filarial 28S gene, can be used in conjunction with restriction endonuclease digestion or Sanger sequencing to identify the species of the causative nematode. Our method proved effective without nonspecific amplification in a wide host range, and highly sensitive, detecting as little as one parasite. Further, this assay can be used in cases of immature, low\u2010worm burden, or all\u2010male infections. Our molecular approach offers a sensitive and specific method for detecting filarial parasites in wild animals. Further investigations are necessary to confirm the pathology of filarial nematodes in the GSL and their prevalence in the general population. Our identification of Dirofilarial species in the GSL underscores the urgent need for measures to manage the risk of pathogen transmission from introduced species to native wildlife.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T05:42:52Z","timestamp":1732513372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Discovery of Filarial Nematode\n                    <scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    in an Endangered Wild Pinniped (Galapagos Sea Lion,\n                    <i>Zalophus wollebaeki<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella G.","family":"Livingston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor M.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Greensboro Science Center  Greensboro North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor C.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Loyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecosistemas Direcci\u00f3n Parque Nacional Galapagos  Isla Santa Cruz Islas Galapagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly L.","family":"Vaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Deresienski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Galapagos Science Center USFQ &amp; UNC\u2010Chapel Hill  Isla San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"},{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales Universidad san Francisco de Quito (USFQ)  Islas San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Riofr\u00edo\u2010Lazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galapagos Science Center USFQ &amp; UNC\u2010Chapel Hill  Isla San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"},{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales Universidad san Francisco de Quito (USFQ)  Islas San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Lewbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Galapagos Science Center USFQ &amp; UNC\u2010Chapel Hill  Isla San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"P\u00e1ez\u2010Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galapagos Science Center USFQ &amp; UNC\u2010Chapel Hill  Isla San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"},{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales Universidad san Francisco de Quito (USFQ)  Islas San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Parque Nacional Galapagos Oficina T\u00e9cnica San Crist\u00f3bal  Isla San Crist\u00f3bal Islas Galapagos Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Health and the Environment North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Adsersen H. 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