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Such insights can be hard to garner for marine species that are inaccessible during phases of their annual cycles. Here, we quantify the link between foraging habitat and behaviour in an aquatic bird of high conservation concern, the red\u2010throated diver (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Gavia stellata<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) across three breeding populations (Finland, Iceland and Scotland) during their understudied moult period. Specifically, we quantify the relationship between feather isotope values (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N) and diving behaviour, within and between populations, examining the use of intra\u2010depth zone (IDZ) dives as a proxy for benthic foraging. We found a strong positive relationship between both higher \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values and, to a lesser extent, \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values and the proportion of IDZ dives. This relationship was consistent across all three populations, but the baseline \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values varied between them, indicative of the populations' different moulting areas. Our results demonstrate that red\u2010throated divers continue to be generalist foragers after their breeding seasons, and that behavioural flexibility varies within and between populations. Furthermore, due to the existence of these relationships, we reveal the potential of stable isotope analysis as a standalone tool for monitoring changes in habitat use in this ecologically significant species. The approach may also apply to other generalist foragers that are known to use multiple foraging strategies (e.g., foraging benthically and pelagically), with implications for future conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T11:16:22Z","timestamp":1734952582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking Foraging Behaviour and Habitat Preferences During Moult Across Multiple Populations of Red\u2010Throated Diver"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Duckworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Government Marine Laboratory  Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"},{"name":"The Lyell Centre Heriot\u2010Watt University  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ib K.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aevar","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gu\u00f0mundur","family":"Benediktsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Reykjavik Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Shetland UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Lehikoinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Avescapes Oy  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Okill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Shetland UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roni","family":"V\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avescapes Oy  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Orkney UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Orkney UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Daunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.06034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps311157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13960"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.03018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Possible Behavioural, Energetic and Demographic Effects of Displacement of Red\u2010Throated Divers","volume":"605","author":"Dierschke V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"JNCC Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02702"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"First Biologging Record of a Foraging Red\u2010Throated Loon \n                     gavia stellata\n                   Shows Shallow and Efficient Diving in Freshwater Environments","volume":"48","author":"Duckworth J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marine Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.13.584773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.4.833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31601-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72199-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2007.00667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.104989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373627-7\/50011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/jfo\u2010199\u2010940101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227\u2010022\u201004096\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22621\/cfn.v136i1.2791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.10.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336\u2010011\u20100689\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"154","volume-title":"On the Theory of Central Place Foraging","author":"Orians G. 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