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In particular, understanding the genetic basis of immune adaptation to pathogens is of paramount importance in a continent such as Africa, where the burden of infectious diseases is a major public health challenge. In this study, we investigated the molecular variation of four Human Leukocyte Antigens (\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) class II genes (\n                    <jats:italic>DRB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>DQA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>DQB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), directly involved in the immune response to parasitic infections, in more than 1000 individuals from 23 populations across North, East, Central and West Africa. By analyzing the\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    molecular diversity of these populations in relation to various geographical, cultural and environmental factors, we identified divergent genetic profiles for several (semi\u2010)nomadic populations of the Sahel belt as a signature of their unique demography. In addition, we observed significant genetic structuring supporting both substantial geographic and linguistic differentiations within West Africa. Furthermore, neutrality tests suggest balancing selection has been shaping the diversity of these four\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    class II genes, which is consistent with molecular comparisons between\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes and their orthologs in chimpanzees (\n                    <jats:italic>Patr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). However, the most striking observation comes from linear modeling, demonstrating that the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the primary pathogen of malaria in Africa, significantly explains a large proportion of the nucleotide diversity observed at the\n                    <jats:italic>DPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene.\n                    <jats:italic>DPB1*01:01<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a highly frequent allele in Burkinab\u00e9 populations, is identified as a potential protective allele against malaria, suggesting that strong pathogen\u2010driven positive selection at this gene has shaped\n                    <jats:italic>HLA<\/jats:italic>\n                    variation in Africa. Additionally, two low\u2010frequency\n                    <jats:italic>DRB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles,\n                    <jats:italic>DRB1*08:06<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>DRB1*11:02,<\/jats:italic>\n                    also show significant associations with\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence, supporting resistance to malaria is determined by multigenic and\/or multiallelic combinations rather than single allele effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T13:35:33Z","timestamp":1740490533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evidence for Pathogen\u2010Driven Selection Acting on\n                    <i>HLA\u2010DPB1<\/i>\n                    in Response to\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    Malaria in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2938-6033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Goeury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndeye","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Gerbault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva 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Faculty of Medicine Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba  Annaba Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydie","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility (UIT\/LNRH) Geneva University Hospital  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBGP UMR 1062 INRAE IRD CIRAD Montpellier SupAgro University of Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasja G.","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative 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