{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T18:04:26Z","timestamp":1788631466091,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013174","name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013174","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013423","name":"Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019553","name":"Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIN\u201062\u2010099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIN\u201062\u2010099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Maintaining subsistence species on hunting lands is essential to the food security and cultural preservation\/flourishing of Indigenous peoples that rely on traditional foods. In northern North America, moose play a central role in subsistence, cultural, and stewardship practices but are declining in many parts of their range. Moose (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Alces alces<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) in Minnesota are a threatened population that is integral to the lifeways of the Lake Superior Chippewa. This study, led by the Grand Portage Band, examines the shifting causes of adult moose mortality between 2010 and 2022 on the Grand Portage Indian Reservation and Voyageurs National Park. These efforts, rooted in principles of Indigenous sovereignty and co\u2010stewardship, seek to sustain this vital species on ancestral lands. We observed that the relative importance of mortality causes varied over time, with\n                    <jats:italic>Parelaphostrongylus tenuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other health\u2010related factors driving mortality during the initial decline period (2010\u20132014), while predation became a leading cause of mortality and quadrupled in probability during the stabilization period (2015\u20132022). Using a Bayesian framework, we integrated multiple contributing factors to accurately estimate cause\u2010specific mortality probabilities and survival rates. The findings underscore the necessity for adaptive management strategies that address both parasitism and predation pressures to recover moose populations to pre\u2010decline levels. Moreover, this study exemplifies how a long\u2010term, Indigenous\u2010led wildlife collaring and monitoring program is critical to capturing these dynamics and supporting the Grand Portage Band's ongoing stewardship. This research advances our understanding of moose mortality in a vulnerable population and reinforces the importance of Indigenous leadership in wildlife management and scientific co\u2010production. By integrating traditional ecological knowledge found in Tribal\u2010governmental planning documents with contemporary science led by their Natural Resources Management department, the Grand Portage Band is ensuring that moose remain a resilient and enduring part of their cultural and subsistence practices, thus contributing to the broader framework of Indigenous co\u2010stewardship.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T02:51:38Z","timestamp":1769395898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predation vs. Parasitism: A Case Study of Indigenous Co\u2010Stewardship and Science Co\u2010Production to Measure Temporal Shifts in Moose Mortality on Ancestral Lands of the Grand Portage Ojibwe"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler J.","family":"Garwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0150-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Severud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities  St. Paul Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University  Brookings South Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve K.","family":"Windels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voyageurs National Park  International Falls Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"W\u00fcnschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Population Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund J.","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa  Grand Portage Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anibal G.","family":"Armien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Population Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities  St. Paul Minnesota USA"},{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa  Grand Portage Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1740-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Once and Future Diplomacy: The Necessity of Treaty Relations","volume":"27","author":"Bauerkemper J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indigenous Policy Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21782"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.03591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Carstensen M. 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C.Hildebrand D.Plattner et\u00a0al.2017.\u201cDetermining Cause\u2010Specific Mortality of Adult Moose in Northeast Minnesota February 2013\u2013July 2017.\u201dhttps:\/\/files.dnr.state.mn.us\/wildlife\/research\/studies\/moose\/moose_findings.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22595"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","volume-title":"Statistics for Spatio\u2010Temporal Data","author":"Cressie N.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2016.1172487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3072020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Erb J. andC.Humpal.2022.\u201cMinnesota Wolf Population Update 2022.\u201dhttps:\/\/files.dnr.state.mn.us\/wildlife\/wolves\/2022\/survey\u2010wolf.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Ecology and Management of North American Moose","author":"Franzmann A. 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A.Moore C.Gagnon et\u00a0al.2015.\u201cGlobal Climate Change: Reviews Recommendations and Management Plans for the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Part I) and Climate Adaptation: A Strategic Plan for Environmental and Biological Management for the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (Part II).\u201dGrand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22623"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"Moore S. A. T. M.Wolf andD. 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