{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:50:06Z","timestamp":1790729406335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001502","name":"Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI 4006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 4006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bacterial infections account for a large proportion of zoonoses. Our current understanding of zoonotic spillover, however, is largely based on studies from viral systems. Small mammals such as rodents and their ectoparasites present a unique system for studying several bacterial pathogens and mapping their spillover pathways. Using\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (a Gram\u2010negative bacteria) as a model system within a rainforest human\u2010use landscape, we investigated (1) ecological correlates of\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence in small mammal hosts and (2) evolutionary relationships between\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and various hosts and ectoparasites to gain insight into pathogen movement pathways within ecological communities. We detected\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in five out of eight small mammal species and in 86 (40.56%) out of 212 individuals, but prevalence varied widely among species (0%\u201375.8%). Seven of the ten ectoparasite species found on these small mammals were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Interestingly, while\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes (15) in small mammals were host\u2010specific, ectoparasites had nonspecific associations, suggesting the possibility for vector\u2010mediated cross\u2010species transmission. We also found that\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence in hosts was positively correlated with their aggregated ectoparasite loads, further emphasizing the crucial role that ectoparasites may play in these transmission pathways. Our cophylogenetic analysis and ancestral trait (host) reconstruction revealed incongruence between small mammal and\n                    <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    phylogenies, indicating historic host shifts and validating the potential for contemporary spillover events. We found that small mammal hosts in this fragmented landscape often move across habitat boundaries, creating a transmission pathway (via shared ectoparasites) to novel hosts, which may include synanthropic species like\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Our results highlight the necessity to disentangle the complex relationship among hosts, ectoparasites, and bacterial pathogens to understand the implications of undetected spillover events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T01:23:07Z","timestamp":1743729787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Host\u2013Pathogen\u2013Vector Continuum in a Changing Landscape: Potential Transmission Pathways for\n                    <i>Bartonella<\/i>\n                    in a Small Mammal Community"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9787-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. R.","family":"Ansil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Bangalore Karnataka India"},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Conservation Foundation  Mysore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Bangalore Karnataka India"},{"name":"Wildlife Biology and Conservation Program National Centre for Biological Sciences  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"Yeshwanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avirup","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Bangalore Karnataka India"},{"name":"Trivedi School of Biosciences Ashoka University  Sonipat Haryana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uma","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523\u20101739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201000923\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20102836(05)80360\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06579"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v019.i05"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102915.2008.00713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.12368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0344"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493\u2010008\u20109132\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523\u20101739.2002.00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3010036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.13216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102148\u20107\u2010214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Elango A.2022.\u201cHands\u2010On Training Module on Medically Important Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) ICMR\u2010 Vector Control Research Centre (Training Module 01\/2022 1\u201344).\u201dICMR\u2010Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC).https:\/\/vcrc.icmr.org.in\/images\/pdf\/Manuals\/Hands_on_Training_on_Medically_Important_Hard_Ticks_ICMR\u2010VCRC.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"The Fauna of India Including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon: Vol. 3 (Rodentia)","author":"Ellerman J. 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