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However, little is known about the causes of sex\u2010specific variation in physiology. Sexual selection and parental workload are two key components suggested to play a role. Theory predicts that, within males, species with stronger male sexual selection (greater sexual dichromatism and more frequent social polygyny) and higher male parental effort should have lower immune capacity and stronger oxidative imbalance. Within females, a weak or no direct effect of male sexual selection on physiology is expected, but species where females invest more in parental care should have lower immune capacity and higher oxidative imbalance. We tested these predictions by phylogenetic comparative analyses conducted separately for the two sexes and based on 11,586 physiological measurements of samples collected in the field from 2048 individuals of 116 and 106 European bird species for males and females, respectively. For males, we found that the degree of dichromatism, polygyny and male parental effort correlated negatively with multiple immune indices, and the level of antioxidant glutathione correlated positively with polygyny score. In contrast, female immune and oxidative variables were unrelated or weakly related to both male sexual selection and female parental effort. We conclude that sex roles can drive inter\u2010specific variation in immune function (primarily in male birds), but less so in oxidative physiology. These findings support earlier claims that males pay higher physiological costs of sexual selection than females, but apparently also of caregiving. We discuss how females might avoid such costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T01:30:37Z","timestamp":1742347837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phylogenetic Relationships of Immune Function and Oxidative Physiology With Sexual Selection and Parental Effort in Male and Female Birds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3659-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter L.","family":"Pap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources Babe\u015f\u2010Bolyai University  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"},{"name":"Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csongor I.","family":"V\u00e1g\u00e1si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources Babe\u015f\u2010Bolyai University  Cluj\u2010Napoca Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"B\u00f3kony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Plant Protection Institute HUN\u2010REN Centre for Agricultural Research  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janka","family":"P\u00e9nzes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources Babe\u015f\u2010Bolyai University  Cluj\u2010Napoca 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