{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:48:32Z","timestamp":1788871712269,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTP NE\/S007504\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTP NE\/S007504\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000737","name":"University of Exeter","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Host heterogeneity in disease transmission is commonly seen across host\u2010pathogen systems, and identifying individuals who contribute disproportionately to pathogen transmission (i.e., superspreaders) is key to understanding disease dynamics and managing outbreaks. It is often assumed that shedding intensity is directly proportional to infection intensity. However, theory predicts that co\u2010infection might modulate the relationship between infection intensity and shedding, promoting increased onward transmission. Here, we quantify the relative importance of infection intensity and co\u2010infection on shedding in\n                    <jats:italic>Heterakis gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a gastrointestinal helminth of gamebirds, in a population of ring\u2010necked pheasants during the shooting season of 2023. We found that infection intensity was a poor predictor of shedding intensity. Instead, increased shedding was linked to co\u2010infections with other endoparasites. Hosts co\u2010infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Syngamus trachea, Capillaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\/or\n                    <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. exhibited higher shedding intensity of\n                    <jats:italic>H. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    than those infected with\n                    <jats:italic>H. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. This effect was additive, with each additional co\u2010infection further increasing\n                    <jats:italic>H. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    shedding. There were no sex differences in shedding, but male hosts had higher\n                    <jats:italic>H. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection intensities. Our results show that shedding intensity is not simply explained by infection intensity, but rather is the result of complex host\u2013parasite and parasite\u2013parasite interactions. This highlights the importance of considering such interactions in understanding disease emergence and persistence in natural populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T02:10:04Z","timestamp":1749175804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Co\u2010Infection, but Not Infection Intensity, Increases Shedding in a Gastrointestinal Helminth of Gamebirds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4327-5103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Prescott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter  Penryn UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter  Penryn UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Tschirren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter  Penryn UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00341"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2021.h533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13\u20101538.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0000170X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/284198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005\u20102086\u201063.3.381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20473\/jops.v7i2.4797910.20473\/jops.v7i2.47979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.147.9.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200700025x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182008000310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Parasitoses in Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in Confined Systems","volume":"76","author":"Goldov\u00e1 M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Archives"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartig F.2018.\u201cDHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi\u2010Level\/Mixed) Regression Models.\u201dR Package version 020.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.DHARMa.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.DHARMa"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81452\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2016.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2019.108294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lou J. 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