{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:39:45Z","timestamp":1786977585005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021568","name":"Office Fran\u00e7ais de la Biodiversit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SJ 471\u201021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJ 471\u201021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Invertebrates, especially insects, are an integral part of biodiversity. Many species live in forest ecosystems where they play a key role in decomposing wood and maintaining ecosystem functions. Nevertheless, global changes, like fires, storms, and pest outbreaks, are impacting insect diversity, reinforcing the need for long\u2010term biomonitoring to understand and tackle these issues. Forests are heterogeneous ecosystems with tree\u2010related microhabitats (TReMs) such as tree holes, which are important for ecosystem diversity. Conventional identification approaches for species inventories are frequently hampered by the extensive and hidden diversity of insect larval stages. Thus, there is a crucial need to develop tools that facilitate inventories of these ecological niches and allow the incorporation of such hidden diversity into long\u2010term monitoring studies. To that end, we explored the biodiversity found in tree holes within French state forests using DNA barcoding and addressed challenges associated with traditional morphological identification methods. Results demonstrate the successful application of DNA barcoding in identifying nearly 62% of all invertebrates sampled from tree holes to the species level. Sampled invertebrates comprised 44% of larvae (566 individuals), of which nearly 50% could be assigned a species name. In total, 108 species and 173 barcode index numbers (BINs, used as species proxy) were molecularly inventoried, and 39% of these identified species were solely represented by larvae in our sampling. Our study highlights the usefulness of DNA\u2010based identification methods and the significance of including larvae in biodiversity assessments to gain insights into species abundance and functional diversity. It also underscores the necessity of ongoing and parallel developments of DNA reference libraries to improve species molecular identification rates and accuracy, and the need to investigate potential non\u2010destructive alternatives for biomonitoring. These efforts aim to ensure thorough and precise monitoring of invertebrate communities in tree holes and similar microhabitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T02:33:22Z","timestamp":1750818802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Incorporating Neglected Insect Larvae in Species Inventories:\n                    <scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    Barcoding as an Effective Tool for All\u2010Stage Invertebrate Identification in Tree Holes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2911-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Sire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Syst\u00e9matique, \u00c9volution, Biodiversit\u00e9 (ISYEB), UMR7205 Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, CNRS Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, EPHE, Universit\u00e9 des Antilles  Paris France"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l\u2019Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Tours  Tours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l\u2019Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Tours  Tours France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilhem","family":"Parmain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE EFNO \u2018Forest Ecosystems\u2019 Nogent\u2010sur\u2010Vernisson  France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie","family":"B\u00e9zier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l\u2019Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Tours  Tours 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