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However, variations in defining the breeding season\u2014its duration and timing\u2014across studies have created uncertainty about whether regional differences in deer breeding ecology stem from ecological factors or methodological inconsistencies. This study aims to clarify the peak breeding season timing and the movement patterns of males during this period, particularly in relation to hunting seasons. Understanding how age and the timing of hunting seasons impact movement and breeding behaviors is important for wildlife managers, as these factors can affect harvest success. This study took place in southwest Wisconsin, using GPS data collected from 188 collared male deer between 15 October and 1 December from 2017 to 2020. Based on generalized linear mixed models, 2\u2010year\u2010old males exhibited higher hourly movement rates than other ages, and the opening weekend of the firearm hunting season had no significant effect on movement rates. In contrast, the variance in daily movement rate differed significantly between yearlings and older ages, with males 3\u2009years and older displaying the highest variance. This suggests that older males may alternate more frequently between high\u2010movement mate searching and lower\u2010movement mate tending, potentially enhancing reproductive success. Similarly, 2\u2010year\u2010old males had larger daily ranges than both older and younger ages. Changepoint analysis of daily movement rates determined that the peak breeding season occurred between 23 October and 12 November, with little variation among ages and alternative metrics. Our findings indicate that male movement rates and ranges can reflect deer reproductive efforts and vary by age, which has important implications for reproductive success and disease transmission risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T02:35:36Z","timestamp":1752114936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Breeding Season and Movement Ecology of Male White\u2010Tailed Deer in Southwest Wisconsin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2164-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Hunsaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie L. J.","family":"Gilbertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources  Eau Claire Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/3.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802645"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.097901"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(90)90181-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"634","article-title":"Using Doe Behavior and Vaginal\u2010Implant Transmitters to Capture Neonate White\u2010Tailed Deer in North\u2010Central Minnesota","volume":"31","author":"Carstensen M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1989.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1376672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Dewitz J. andU.S. Geological Survey.2021.\u201cNational Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Products (ver. 2.0 June 2021).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/item\/5f21cef582cef313ed940043."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-227.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2002)083<0884:MPIWTD>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Biology and Management of White\u2010Tailed Deer","author":"DeYoung R. 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