{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T05:05:12Z","timestamp":1771218312875,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    South Asia is home to nine species of vultures, and Nepal hosts all of them. Remarkably, all these species have also been recorded in Pokhara. This could be attributed to Pokhara's location along bird migration pathways and the year\u2010round availability of food sources for most of the vulture species, including the landfill. This landfill site has been translocated due to the construction of Pokhara regional international airport. In this context, we aimed to estimate the seasonal abundance of vultures as well as understand the discrepancy in people's perception on vulture conservation before and after the landfill site is shifted to another location. Data were collected using key informant interviews, household surveys, and direct field observations. The collected data were analyzed employing chi\u2010squared and Wilcoxon\u2010signed rank tests. The relative abundance of the Egyptian vulture (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Neophron percnopterus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) was found to be the highest among observed species. We found an association between people's perception toward vultures and their socioeconomic factors (age, education, and income source). Older people, individuals with higher levels of formal education, and people involved in farming showed greater appreciation for vultures. Our study revealed that the perceived threat of electrocution increased slightly after the landfill site was relocated. Despite the relocation, the old landfill area continues to provide a suitable habitat for vultures, likely due to consistent food availability and the proximity of nesting habitats near forests, cliffs, and rivers. The risk of collisions with airplanes is likely to increase in the future highlighting the need for proactive management and prioritization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T02:29:49Z","timestamp":1750991389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Socioecological Assessment of Vulture Abundance and Community Perceptions Before and After Landfill Site Shift in Pokhara, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binita","family":"Timilsina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"},{"name":"Friends of Nature (FON) Nepal  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohan Bucha","family":"Magar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Forest and Environment Government of Nepal  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangam","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"},{"name":"Friends of Nature (FON) Nepal  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Bhusal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Forest and Environment Government of Nepal  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dipa","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit Bilash","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bird Conservation Nepal  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajna Prasad","family":"Timilsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University  Kirtipur Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Baral K. M.2021.\u201cVultures Swing Back in Pokhara.\u201dNepali Times July 13.https:\/\/www.nepalitimes.com\/banner\/vultures\u2010swing\u2010back\u2010in\u2010pokhara\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/ijmr.v3i1.65477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/njz.v7i1.56306"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Vulture Safe Zone: A Landscape Level Approach to Save the Threatened Vultures in Nepal","volume":"1","author":"Bhusal K. P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Himalayan Naturalist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/00306525.2019.1578834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"What Are the Threats to Vultures Other Than NSAIDs in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhary I. P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vulture Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2688\u20108319.12357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Jatayu: The Vulture Restaurants of Nepal","volume":"17","author":"DeCandido R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birding Asia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270919000261"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"DNPWC and DoFSC.2023.\u201cVulture Conservation Action Plan (2023\u20132027) \u201d 60.https:\/\/dnpwc.gov.np\/media\/publication\/Vulture_Conservation_Action_Plan_2023\u20102027.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Population Trends and Breeding Success of Three Endangered Vulture Species in Pokhara Valley, Kaski, Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Gautam R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ibisbill Journal of Himalayan Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429056765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Status of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in Pokhara Valley, Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Ghimire P.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vulture Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605306001347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Glen S.2024.\u201cSlovin's Formula: What Is It and When Do I Use It?\u201d Statistics How to.https:\/\/www.statisticshowto.com\/probability\u2010and\u2010statistics\/how\u2010to\u2010use\u2010slovins\u2010formula\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Gurung D.2023.\u201cHigh\u2013Tension Power Lines: A Threat to Bird Biodiversity in Nepal and Beyond.\u201d Online Khabar.https:\/\/english.onlinekhabar.com\/nepal\u2010power\u2010lines\u2010bird\u2010biodiversity.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Joshi A. R.2022.\u201cNo Time to Keep Vultures out of Danger as New Nepal Airport Set to Open.\u201dMongabay August 26.https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2022\/08\/no\u2010time\u2010to\u2010keep\u2010vultures\u2010out\u2010of\u2010danger\u2010as\u2010new\u2010nepal\u2010airport\u2010set\u2010to\u2010open\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.2427.7.14.8128-8133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04966"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Status and Distribution of Vultures in Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Karki P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vulture Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Variation in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Kharel S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceeding of 9th IOE Graduate Conference"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"Magar D. R.2023.\u201cOnly Vultures Left Behind.\u201dNepali Times February 8.https:\/\/nepalitimes.com\/news\/only\u2010vultures\u2010left\u2010behind."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336\u2010023\u201002075\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.2011.06293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270915000192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.2492.8.14.9597-9609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","unstructured":"Pokharel S.2023.\u201cFoxes and Birds Pose Risk to Aircraft at PRIA.\u201dMy Republica February 14.https:\/\/myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com\/news\/foxes\u2010and\u2010birds\u2010pose\u2010risk\u2010to\u2010aircraft\u2010at\u2010pria\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109925"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/IJBC2013.0628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Distribution of Vulture Species and Their Nesting in Chitwan\u2010Annapurna Landscape (CHAL), Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Shah G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vulture Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"Electricity Poles in Cyprus Become Serial Killers of the Threatened Griffon Vulture","author":"Vulture Conservation Foundation, V. C. F","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.71684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.71684","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.71684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T04:22:02Z","timestamp":1771215722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.71684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.71684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.71684","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71684"}}