{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:58:52Z","timestamp":1778961532879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003033","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021\u2010122171NB\u2010I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021\u2010122171NB\u2010I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GV\u20102517\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GV\u20102517\/94"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Reproductive effort involves trade\u2010offs among offspring and with homeostasis. In birds, a crucial parental investment concerns the allocation of resources to each egg. Variation in egg investment has led to the development of hypotheses regarding whether females favor the eldest nestlings (\u201cbrood reduction\u201d) or distribute resources more evenly (\u201cbrood survival\u201d). Alternative explanations include the maturation of reproductive organs and trade\u2010offs with environmental constraints, such as thermoregulation. The earliest tests of these hypotheses relied on the deviation of the last egg's volume from the clutch mean (\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). More recent studies have often overlooked non\u2010linearity and temporal autocorrelation in egg investments. Here, we analyze 145 broods comprising 1084 eggs from a great tit (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) population in eastern Spain using generalized additive mixed\u2010effects models (GAMMs). Laying order influenced egg volume, with most variation occurring as an increase from the first to middle eggs in the clutch, followed by a slight decrease. We favor the interpretation that females adopt a brood survival strategy because (1) volume changes were of small magnitude (approx. 5%); (2) no significant negative effects of the number of eggs developing simultaneously in the ovary, total clutch size, or minimum temperatures were found; and (3) the laying order effect prevailed throughout the breeding season. However, within this brood survival strategy, females slightly favored middle eggs. In addition, negative correlations among deviations in volume from the main strategy suggest that energetic trade\u2010offs were present. Finally, most variation occurred between clutches, reinforcing previous findings of limited plasticity in egg volume in birds. Our results further caution against relying on mean egg volume (\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as a measure of investment strategies and highlight the importance of considering non\u2010linearity and temporal autocorrelation in analyses of reproductive investment. The use of GAMMs provides a robust approach to overcoming previous analytical limitations in the study of within\u2010clutch variation in egg investment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:39:29Z","timestamp":1751416769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unveiling Clutch Investment Strategies in Birds: A Case Study on Great Tits Using Generalized Additive Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1739-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Socias\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technology, Institut National Universitaire Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois Champollion The University of Toulouse  Albi France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8256-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCavanilles\u201d Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise R.","family":"Peckre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Ethologie Exp\u00e9rimentale et Compar\u00e9e UR 4443 (LEEC) Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord  Villetaneuse France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cCavanilles\u201d Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia  Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2014.908819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Ati\u00e9nzar F. E.\u00c1lvarez Mielgo E.Barba andA.Salvador Milla.2016.\u201cCarbonero Com\u00fan\u2014Parus major(Linnaeus 1758).\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"973","article-title":"An Interspecific Relationship Between Egg Size and Clutch Size in Birds","volume":"108","author":"Blackburn T. 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I.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ardeola"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1940241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.13354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Egg Size in the Great Tit Parus major: Individual, Habitat and Geographic Differences","volume":"72","author":"H\u00f5rak P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ornis Fennica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Fat\u2010Soluble Antioxidants in the Eggs of Great Tits Parus major in Relation to Breeding Habitat and Laying Sequence","volume":"2","author":"H\u00f5rak P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1935044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Intraclutch Egg\u2010Size Variation in Birds: Physiological Responses of Individuals to Fluctuations in Environmental Conditions","volume":"103","author":"J\u00e4rvinen A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u2010185X.2010.00166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/119.4.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010017\u20103977\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1993.tb02699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Egg and Clutch Sizes in Four Passerine Species in Northern Finland","volume":"55","author":"Ojanen M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ornis Fennica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1367097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.14385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692576.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474\u2010919X.1973.tb01992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52452-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4086895"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484\u2010022\u201002415\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32800\/Abc.2021.44.0303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40657\u2010020\u201000225\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"The Evolution of Life Histories","author":"Stearns S. 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