{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:46:56Z","timestamp":1778827616998,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Scorpion stings are a global health problem, potentially impacting thousands, especially across northern Africa and the Middle East. However, scorpions are comparatively understudied compared to other venomous animals, and little is known about their distributions and associated spatial patterns of sting risk. Timely access to medical treatment after scorpion stings is crucial to positive medical outcomes, but it remains poorly understood how accessible health care is for populations at risk. Thus, mapping hotspots of sting risk and identifying vulnerable populations can greatly enhance mitigation strategies. In this study, we used ecological niche models to map the distribution of eight of the most dangerous scorpion species to quantify sting risk across Iran. We identified the areas where people are most vulnerable to scorpion stings based on exposure to scorpions and limited accessibility to healthcare centers. We identified sting risk areas for each species across their distribution ranges.\n                    <jats:italic>Androctonus crassicauda<\/jats:italic>\n                    has the widest distribution range. On the contrary,\n                    <jats:italic>Orthochirus iranus<\/jats:italic>\n                    has the smallest distribution range. Regions of greatest vulnerability are located in the central parts of Iran, as well as the south and southwest of the country. Our results provide valuable information for decision makers by supporting targeted awareness\u2010raising programs and antivenom distribution among the most vulnerable populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T06:15:56Z","timestamp":1751609756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Applying Ensemble Ecological Niche Modeling to Identify High Risk Areas for Scorpions' Sting"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3671-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anooshe","family":"Kafash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ali Hanafi","family":"Bojd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pintor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University  Cairns Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Gr\u00fcnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH)  Allschwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1465-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Governance University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Hassanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI) Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102664.2006.01214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6458-3_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028247\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52547\/jibs.6.4.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2022.110073"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in North West of Iran","volume":"11","author":"Bavani M. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Arthropod\u2010Borne Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201038515\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/hmrj.2022.319829.1038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2014.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.06.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Geographical Distribution of Scorpion Odontobuthus Doriae in Isfahan Province, Central Iran","volume":"11","author":"Dehghani R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Arthropod\u2010Borne Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2010.01.003"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"2140","article-title":"Scorpions and Their Human Mortality Report in Iran: A Review Article","volume":"48","author":"Firoozfar F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v023.i11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Greenwell B. B.Boehmke andJ.Cunningham.2020. \u201cGBM Developers.\u201d Gbm: Generalized Boosted Regression Models [R Package Version 2.1.8]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139028271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.296\u2010303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Gam: Generalized Additive Models","author":"Hastie T.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"Hijmans R. J.2021.raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. InR package version3.4\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dismo: Species Distribution Modeling","volume":"1","author":"Hijmans R. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"In R Package Version"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127\u2010019\u201000390\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Jarvis A. E.Guevara H. I.Reuter andA. D.Nelson.2008.\u201cHole\u2010Filled SRTM for the Globe: Version 4: Data Grid [Web Publication\/Site] CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13156\/arac.2013.16.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201074867\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","volume-title":"Classification and Regression by randomForest","author":"Liaw A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","article-title":"Predicting the Geographical Distribution of Malaria\u2010Associated Anopheles Dirus in the South\u2010East Asia and Western Pacific Regions Under Climate Change Scenarios [Original Research]","volume":"10","author":"Liu X.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/semj.102201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2021.100076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2021.100086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.295361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxcx.2021.100088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.11.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/jept.2017.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136588199241391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team R. C.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecon.2020.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.611152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531\u2010022\u201002499\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201035314\u20101"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.71713","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.71713","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.71713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T04:29:01Z","timestamp":1771216141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.71713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.71713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.71713","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71713"}}