{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:03:16Z","timestamp":1792735396679,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery Grant\/RGPIN 2024 05586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Grant\/RGPIN 2024 05586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many pathogens transmit horizontally through usual routes and vertically from parent to offspring. Co\u2010evolution is predicted, under certain circumstances, to produce a positive relationship between host\u2010pathogen antagonism and the rate of vertical transmission. We cannot disentangle the roles of host demographics and the costs of host immune function in establishing this pattern. On one hand, models that assume no density\u2010dependent growth of host populations and limit the cost of immune function to infected hosts only predict that the positive relationship is possible. On the other hand, models that assume density\u2010dependent growth of host populations and impose the cost of immune function on all hosts, regardless of infection status, suggest that the positive relationship is not possible. Here, we seek to resolve the confusion. We model the co\u2010evolution of a host and its pathogen when the latter can transmit both vertically and horizontally. We assume host population growth is self\u2010limiting, and we impose the cost of immune function only on infected hosts. We find that a positive relationship between host\u2010pathogen antagonism and vertical transmission is possible under our assumptions. Our finding points to the critical role played by assumptions about when hosts pay the cost of immune function. We also find that the combination of density\u2010dependent host population growth and the cost\u2010free lifestyle of uninfected hosts raises the possibility of selection\u2010driven pathogen extinction. We discuss our findings in relation to previous theory and empirical findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T05:46:41Z","timestamp":1754027201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Virulence and Vertically Transmitted Pathogens: The Role of Costs Paid by Co\u2010Evolving Hosts in a Self\u2010Regulating Population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bita","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7821-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01237642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420\u20109101.2008.01658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2025.112073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.3.509\u2010539.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.12541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201500092X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2003.tb01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400828340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02409751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195060584.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/JEJMra2026131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0829"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/419267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414751a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006554906681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010065X.2010.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7123238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040\u20105809(70)90032\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2003.tb00361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/286159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Ecology and Genetics of Host\u2013Parasite Interactions","author":"Levin B. 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