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We aimed to investigate the physiological and cognitive effects of dietary n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA deprivation on juvenile brown trout (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Salmo trutta<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L.) in complex habitats resembling natal stream conditions in which populations have evolved. We tested effects of n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA deficiency in diet and habitat complexity on somatic growth, cognitive performance, encephalization, n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA biosynthesis and nutrient routing capacity. Brown trout were raised from egg for 7\u2009months post\u2010hatch on either a high (8.91%) or low (1.79%) n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA diet; for the final 3\u2009months, trout were further divided into complex (heavily ornamented tanks with small, dynamic, populations) or simple habitats (bare tanks with many, constant, inhabitants). Recognition, memory and inference were tested by comparing the times required to establish stable hierarchical relationships in agonistic dyadic trials featuring na\u00efve trout and trials in which one of the trout had previously observed the other. Gas chromatography and compound\u2010specific stable hydrogen isotope analysis revealed increased biosynthesis and routing of n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA to the brain among trout on n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA\u2010deficient diets. Fed to satiation, trout did not sacrifice somatic growth to fuel biosynthesis and routing of n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA. However, dietary deficiency in n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA did lead to smaller brains, and smaller brains were associated with lower cognitive performance. Complex habitats elicited better cognitive performance, and were associated with lower somatic growth, but habitat complexity played only minor roles in encephalization and the n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA composition of brain lipids. We conclude that developmental plasticity in response to environment allows brown trout partially to compensate for the paucity of dietary n\u20103 LC\u2010PUFA, and we suggest that cognitive divergences may play a role in the diversification of life\u2010history variants among brown trout in the wild.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T02:15:54Z","timestamp":1756174554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influences of Diet Quality, Nursery\u2010Habitat Complexity and Sex on Brain Development and Cognitive Performance of Brown Trout (\n                    <i>Salmo trutta<\/i>\n                    L.)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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