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Identifying and quantifying natural and anthropogenic disturbances at fine spatial scales are critical to assessing the role of forests in climate change mitigation. This study investigated disturbance history and carbon storage in human\u2010impacted forests and open ecosystems at elevations of 2000\u20134200\u2009m in northwestern Yunnan, China. We established 50 sampling plots along the four due orientations of a mountain peak. Using tree rings, fire scars, satellite imagery, official records, and interviews, we reconstructed historical disturbances and identified fires, logging events, landslides, and icy precipitation since the 1950s. We analyzed the impact of disturbance history and topography on ecosystem carbon storage, including pools in soil (0\u201330\u2009cm), woody debris, and non\u2010woody and woody plants. Disturbances since the 1950s were largely driven by anthropogenic activities over time, along with climate and topography. Fires and logging were common near settlements in <jats:italic>Pinus yunnanensis<\/jats:italic> forests at lower elevations, while landslides primarily occurred in steep areas of <jats:italic>Abies georgei<\/jats:italic> forests and logged areas within broadleaf mixed forests. Icy precipitation was more frequent above 3500\u2009m on the south and west slopes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>A. georgei<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> forests. Non\u2010forest areas at higher elevations had a mean ecosystem carbon (including soil carbon down to 30\u2009cm) density of 146\u2009Mg C ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, while forest areas averaged 270\u2009Mg C ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Fire negatively impacted soil, woody plants, and overall ecosystem carbon, whereas logging impacts were limited to woody plants and overall ecosystem carbon. Carbon storage in woody plants and total ecosystem carbon followed a hump\u2010shaped pattern with elevation, peaking near 3200\u2009m. Our study links disturbance histories to spatial variation in carbon pools. This study helps improve carbon management and conserve biodiversity in human\u2010modified forests and presents a multi\u2010source approach that could be used in other human\u2010impacted forests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T05:37:16Z","timestamp":1757914636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disturbance Dynamics and Its Effects on Carbon in Human\u2010Impacted Mountain Forests in Northwestern Yunnan, China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongqian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture Stephen F. 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