{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:00:36Z","timestamp":1761786036146,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32070521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wild animals rescued and kept in captivity often display abnormal behaviors, notably in the form of stereotypic behaviors. These behaviors, characterized by purposeless and repetitive actions, can significantly affect an animal's quality of life and socialization processes. Existing methods for identifying stereotypic behaviors predominantly focus on individual animals or on behaviors involving large displacements with extensive movements and distinct trajectories. However, research addressing scenarios involving multiple animals or small\u2010displacement stereotypic behaviors remains limited. This paper aims to address this gap by analyzing small\u2010displacement stereotypic behaviors in multiple animals, specifically focusing on captive slow lorises. As a preliminary exploration of this research area, we propose a novel method for analyzing small\u2010displacement stereotypic behavior utilizing automatic tracking and periodic changes in movement amplitude. We employ the AnimalYOLO\u2010Bytetrack multi\u2010target tracking network to monitor and quantify the movement amplitude of the slow loris, segment the time\u2010series data to identify the specific periods of stereotypic behaviors, and analyze periodicity using autocorrelation functions and Fourier transforms. The method developed in this study demonstrates significant efficacy, achieving a detection precision of 96.7%, a recall rate of 80.3%, and a mean Average Precision (mAP) value of 88.9%. These results surpass the performance metrics of most existing detection networks. Furthermore, the method exhibits an average prediction error of 0.33 for cycle time and 0.76\u2009s for the duration of stereotypic behavior, highlighting its effectiveness in predicting the stereotypical behavior of Lorisidae primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:16:26Z","timestamp":1760091386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying Small\u2010Displacement Stereotypical Behavior of Captive Slow Lorises Based on\n                    <scp>AnimalYOLO<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Bytetrack Network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6315-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education Sichuan Agricultural 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China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoyun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"College of Information Engineering Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dehong Wildlife Rescue Center Forestry Bureau of Dehong Prefecture  Dehong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Sichuan Agricultural University  Ya'an China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyong","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology Sichuan Agricultural University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"Blair M. T.Nadler Q.Ni E.Samun U.Streicher andK. A. I.Nekaris.2021.\u201cNycticebus pygmaeus(Amended Version of 2020 Assessment).\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T14941A198267330.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20102.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20100716\u20100826\u20105_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"CTN News.2013.\u201cBurden of Care for Seized Exotic Wildlife in Thailand.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.chiangraitimes.com\/news\/burden\u2010of\u2010care\u2010over\u2010seized\u2010exotic\u2010wildlife\u2010in\u2010thailand\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dwibedi D. Y.Aytar J.Tompson P.Sermanet andA.Zisserman.2020.\u201cCounting out Time: Class Agnostic Video Repetition Counting in the Wild.\u201dProceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 10387\u201310396).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2006.15418.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2024.106957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ecologies4040042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11090843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Ma S. andY.Xu.2023.\u201cMPDIoU: A Loss for Efficient and Accurate Bounding Box Regression.\u201darXiv:2307.07662.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2307.07662."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddison N.2019.\u201cGuidelines for the Management of Confiscated Live Organisms [WWW Document].\u201dhttps:\/\/iucn.org\/resources\/publication\/guidelines\u2010management\u2010confiscated\u2010live\u2010organisms.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2019.03.en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256\u2010022\u201000477\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010018\u20100209\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Crossing International Borders: The Trade of Slow Lorises, Nycticebus spp., as Pets in Japan","volume":"5","author":"Musing L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Primates Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3436073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012\u20109658(2003)084[0777:EAFRPA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"SPSSPRO. n.d.\u201cFree Professional Online Data Analysis Platform [WWW Document].\u201dhttps:\/\/www.spsspro.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210052252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.13932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2023.102450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.107079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2025.3546381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y. 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