{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:09:52Z","timestamp":1761786592253,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015401","name":"Innovate BC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011794","name":"University of the Fraser Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As habitat destruction and human expansion pushes wildlife to ever shrinking habitats, new methods are needed to monitor and assess the impacts of disturbances on ecosystems. Automated recording units (ARUs) may provide a cost effective and minimally invasive way of monitoring disturbances and behavioral responses under these changing conditions. ARUs are gaining prominence in avian research, replacing in\u2010person observers in various surveys and in tracking the movement of individual birds. Researchers have investigated the reliability of ARUs in these studies, but investigations into their reliability in detecting behavioral events are lacking. The main objective of this case study is to investigate if disturbance data from predation events in Ardea herodias fannini (heron) colonies can adequately be obtained from bioacoustics recordings and used in research to substitute for in\u2010person observations. ARUs were placed at two heron colonies and accompanied by in\u2010person observers. Both sources recorded minor or major predatory disturbances to the colonies with minor disturbances being a single heron responding and major disturbances being multiple herons responding. The records of detected disturbances from each observation method were compared. We found that ARUs were able to distinguish major disturbances from other calls. There was no considerable difference between major disturbances detected by ARUs or by in\u2010person observers. However, the ARUs did have marginally less success when trying to detect minor disturbances. This was attributed to ARUs providing purely auditory cues as opposed to some visual cues that human observers occasionally rely on. When monitoring remote colony nesters with distinct auditory calls, ARUs can provide a cost effective and scalable substitute for in\u2010person observers. These data can be easily repurposed for other research questions, stored for long\u2010term studies to find gradual changes in behavior, or used to study unexpected or rapid changes to an environmental variable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:21:34Z","timestamp":1761070894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining the Effectiveness of Automated Acoustic Recording Units for Recording Predator\u2010Related Disturbances in Colony Nesting Birds: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6664-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilan","family":"Praat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Fraser Valley  Abbotsford British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Schmaltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Fraser Valley  Abbotsford British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/14-104.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO20051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofo.12274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270908000415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2013.12134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2009.00206.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.13192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"COSEWIC.2008.\u201cCOSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Great Blue Heron Fannini SubspeciesArdea herodias fanniniin Canada.\u201dCommittee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 39 pp.www.sararegistry.gc.ca\/status\/status_e.cfm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2007.00793.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wll2.12052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2019-0081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2011.00331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312450709336664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2012-0323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1521343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5253\/arde.v106i2.a6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d13070319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63317-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ACE-00974-120114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39308-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.39.1.2013.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01584197.2020.1787848"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ACE-00958-120109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Bald Eagle Predation and Other Disturbance Factors at Double\u2010Crested Cormorant and Great Blue Heron Nesting Colonies in the Creston Valley","volume":"4","author":"Van Damme L. 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