{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:43:20Z","timestamp":1787161400298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004813","name":"Department of Water Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nesting birds must provide a thermal environment sufficient for egg development while also meeting self\u2010maintenance needs. Many birds, particularly those with uniparental incubation, achieve this balance through periodic incubation recesses, during which foraging and other self\u2010maintenance activities can occur. However, incubating birds may experience disturbances such as predator or human activity which interrupt natural incubation patterns by compelling them to leave the nest. We characterized incubating mallard\n                    <jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>\n                    and gadwall\n                    <jats:italic>Mareca strepera<\/jats:italic>\n                    hens\u2019 responses when flushed by predators and investigators in Suisun Marsh, California, USA. Diurnal incubation recesses initiated by investigators approaching nests were 63% longer than natural diurnal incubation recesses initiated by the hen (geometric mean: 226.77\u00a0min versus 142.04\u00a0min). Nocturnal incubation recesses, many of which were likely the result of predators flushing hens, were of similar duration regardless of whether the nest was partially depredated during the event (115.33 [101.01;131.68] minutes) or not (119.62 [111.96;127.82] minutes), yet were 16% shorter than natural diurnal incubation recesses. Hens moved further from the nest during natural diurnal recesses or investigator\u2010initiated recesses than during nocturnal recesses, and the proportion of hen locations recorded in wetland versus upland habitat during recesses varied with recess type (model\u2010predicted means: natural diurnal recess 0.77; investigator\u2010initiated recess 0.82; nocturnal recess 0.31). Hens were more likely to take a natural recess following an investigator\u2010initiated recess earlier that same day than following a natural recess earlier that same day, and natural recesses that followed an investigator\u2010initiated recess were longer than natural recesses that followed an earlier natural recess, suggesting that hens may not fulfill all of their physiological needs during investigator\u2010initiated recesses. We found no evidence that the duration of investigator\u2010initiated recesses was influenced by repeated visits to the nest, whether by predators or by investigators, and trapping and handling the hen did not affect investigator\u2010initiated recess duration unless the hen was also fitted with a backpack\u2010harness style GPS\u2013GSM transmitter at the time of capture. Hens that were captured and fitted with GPS\u2013GSM transmitters took recesses that were 26% longer than recesses during which a hen was captured but a GPS\u2013GSM transmitter was not attached. Incubation interruptions had measurable but limited and specific effects on hen behavior.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T22:21:15Z","timestamp":1614118875000},"page":"2862-2872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interrupted incubation: How dabbling ducks respond when flushed from the nest"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Croston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Alex","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory T.","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliff L.","family":"Feldheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Water Resources Suisun Marsh Program West Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Casazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0628-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Incubation and brood care. Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl","author":"Afton A. D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00013.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed\u2010Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2007.00126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03078698.1992.9674036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2013.00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1650\/CONDOR-18-6.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Croston R. Hartman C. A. &Ackerman J. T.(2021).How mallard and gadwall hens nesting in Grizzly Island Wildlife Area respond when flushed (2015\u20132018): U.S. Geological Survey data release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9JXF6J3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"The breeding ecology of sympatric Mallards and American Black Ducks in the western Adirondacks","author":"Dwyer C. P.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Measurements of geese: general field methods","author":"Dzubin A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"An {R} Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/Z10-095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models","author":"Gelman A.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3800730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3809288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9921-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-048X.2002.330211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"The effects of human disturbance on trumpeter swan breeding behavior","volume":"19","author":"Henson P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2006.01108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40317-017-0139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effects of selected observer\u2010related factors on fates of duck nests","volume":"8","author":"Livezy B. C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1369370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0038532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2013.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3808723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/119.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Avian incubation behaviour, environment and evolution","author":"Tinbergen J. M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/Z09-118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3797414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0425-8_11"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.7245","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7245","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7245","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:33:46Z","timestamp":1693614826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.7245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.7245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.7245","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}