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Despite this, research on crocodylian acoustic signalling remains infrequent, with methodologies and terminology varying widely across studies. Here, we systematically review the literature and standardise crocodylian acoustic signal descriptions, measurements, and terminology to establish a consistent foundation for future research. The compiled dataset included 22 publications, with 623 acoustic signalling observations and 53 distinct parameters measured across various species, life stages, and contexts. The American alligator (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) was the most frequently studied species and distress calls the most commonly recorded signal type. Significant variation existed in parameters measured across studies, with dominant frequency, call duration, and fundamental frequency the most common. We synthesised acoustic parameters from available publications into comparable values and units, and provide these as a centralised database along with a standardised ethogram including representative spectrograms, and a glossary of commonly used terms facilitating clearer cross\u2010species comparisons. Significant foundational level data gaps were identified with many species lacking defined repertoires, and notably, underwater acoustic signalling was rarely incorporated. We recommend shifting future research focus from distress calls to include a wider range of spontaneously produced acoustic signals, by individuals of known sex and life stage. The inclusion of a broader set of underrepresented acoustic parameters will also enable better cross\u2010species comparisons, and identification of encoding in crocodylian acoustic signals. We further promote the reanalysis of existing data incorporating these key parameters, along with increased collaborative efforts, to add valuable insights informing conservation without requiring additional fieldwork. Such strategies will support future research into crocodylian acoustic communication and guide the development of more effective monitoring techniques such as passive acoustic monitoring and machine learning as tools for conservation and management of crocodylians.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:26:00Z","timestamp":1769153160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Roars, Rumbles, and Resonance: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Crocodylian Acoustic Signals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0804-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonnie A.","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1136-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross G.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique A.","family":"Potvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution","author":"Abzhanov A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376\u20106357(91)90061\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5133944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32011\/txjsci_71_1_Article4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Vocalizations in Two Rare Crocodilian Species: A Comparative Analysis of Distress Calls of \n                     Tomistoma schlegelii\n                   (M\u00fcller, 1838) and \n                     Gavialis gangeticus\n                   (Gmelin, 1789)","volume":"11","author":"Bonke R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"North\u2010Western Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"24","volume-title":"T'o. Animal Kingdom","author":"Brazaitis P.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2011.560723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR17011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X\u201000003078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Acoustic Behaviour of Animals","author":"Broughton W. B.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12186"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Observations on Acoustic Behaviour of Crocodilians","volume":"58","author":"Campbell H. W.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Campos Z. W. E.Magnusson andF.Muniz.2019.\u201cPaleosuchus trigonatus.\u201d[Dataset]. 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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017\u20103.RLTS.T46589A3010118.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"IUCN.2024.\u201cThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2024\u20102.\u201dAccessed 12 June 2024.https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"IUCN.2025.\u201cThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2023.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.70133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2019.1606734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853891X00310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4251.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1846-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201028413\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","unstructured":"Magnusson W. E. Z.Campos andF.Muniz.2019.\u201cPaleosuchus palpebrosus[Dataset].\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2019\u20101.RLTS.T46587A3009946.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"McMahan W. 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H.2014.\u201cMecistops cataphractus[Dataset].\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2014\u20101.RLTS.T5660A3044332.en."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Vocal Patterns of Adult Females and Juveniles \n                     Caiman yacare\n                   (Crocodilia: Alligatoridae) in Brazilian Pantanal Wetland","volume":"61","author":"Sicuro F. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista De Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","unstructured":"Siroski P. L. A. B.Bassetti C.Pina andA.Larriera.2020.\u201cCaiman latirostris[Dataset].\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2020\u20103.RLTS.T46585A3009813.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592\u2010014\u20100639\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","unstructured":"Solmu G. andC.Manolis.2019.\u201cCrocodylus novaeguineae[Dataset].\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2019\u20102.RLTS.T46591A3010398.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","unstructured":"South A. S.Michael andP.Massicotte.2024.\u201crnaturalearthdata: World Vector Map Data from Natural Earth Used in \u2018rnaturalearth\u2019 R Package.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=rnaturalearthdata."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2021.1967782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21564574.2023.2237035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2690565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010022\u201003799\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1564822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2785811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10211\u2010014\u20100194\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","unstructured":"vanWeerd M. C.Pomaro J.deLeon R.Antolin andV.Mercado.2016.\u201cCrocodylus mindorensis.\u201d[Dataset]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016\u20103.RLTS.T5672A3048281.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071\u2010012\u20100533\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2011.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114\u2010006\u20100156\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u2010185X.2009.00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.3.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jzbg3010011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2714910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","unstructured":"Webb G. C.Manolis M. L.Brien S. A.Balaguera\u2010Reina andS. R.Isberg.2021.\u201cCrocodylus porosus[Dataset].\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20102.RLTS.T5668A3047556.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9780001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1443905"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.72494","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.72494","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.72494","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:43:27Z","timestamp":1772973807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.72494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.72494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.72494","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72494"}}