{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:47:12Z","timestamp":1782107232408,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unraveling the evolutionary and biogeographical factors that drive the widespread occurrence of outcrossing mechanisms in plants is key to understanding their prevalence. Style\u2010length polymorphisms (SLP) are labile outcrossing traits that have evolved repeatedly in several angiosperm lineages sharing moderately specialized pollination features, reflecting a convergent strategy to optimize outcrossing efficiency. Notably, over 50% of known genera exhibiting SLP belong to the Rubiaceae family, which, beyond harboring floral architectures that promote pollination precision, is characterized by a predominantly tropical distribution and high species diversity. This fact suggests that the evolution and distribution of SLP could be associated with specialized pollinator interactions prevalent in tropical regions (tropicality\u2010driven hypothesis) and with high species richness, potentially boosting the chance of random appearance of SLP (diversity\u2010driven hypothesis). We examined the biogeographical correlates of SLP across all angiosperm genera on a global scale to test the tropicality\u2010 and diversity\u2010driven hypotheses. We conducted phylogenetic logistic regression models to assess the prevalence of SLP genera in the tropics and biodiversity hotspots (areas of exceptional species richness), accounting for phylogenetic conservatism, genus\u2010level species richness, and evaluating the role of the Rubiaceae family. Our analyses found no support for either the tropicality\u2010 or the diversity\u2010driven hypotheses once phylogenetic relatedness was accounted for. Despite the occurrence of SLP being significantly associated with tropical habitats, this pattern relied on the Rubiaceae family. No positive association emerged between SLP and biodiversity hotspots. Instead, phylogenetic conservatism predominantly shaped SLP distribution. Also, there was a clear positive relationship between genus\u2010level species richness and SLP. Our findings challenge tropicality\u2010 and diversity\u2010driven hypotheses, suggesting that SLP distribution is primarily shaped by conserved evolution. Future studies should explore further the role of SLP in species richness by explicitly assessing its potential influence on diversification patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:30:25Z","timestamp":1776753025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Global Analysis of the Distribution Patterns of Style\u2010Length Polymorphisms Across Angiosperms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6214-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia","family":"Rodrigues Novaes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Seville  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Sim\u00f3n\u2010Porcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Seville  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Molina\u2010Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana (EBD\u2010CSIC)  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Seville  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plu003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"356","volume-title":"The Princeton Guide to Evolution","author":"Barrett S. 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