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We used alpha shape analyses to quantify vaginal shape complexity in 40 marine mammal specimens including cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians. We explored phylogenetic signal and the potential roles of natural and sexual selection on vaginal shape evolution. Complexity scores were consistent with qualitative observations. Cetaceans had a broad range of alpha complexities, while pinnipeds were comparatively simple and sirenians were complex. Intraspecific variation was found. Three\u2010dimensional surface heat maps revealed that shape complexity was driven by invaginations and protrusions of the vaginal wall. Phylogenetic signal was weak and metrics of natural selection (relative neonate size) and sexual selection (relative testes size, sexual size dimorphism, and penis morphology) did not explain vaginal complexity patterns. Additional metrics, such as penile shape complexity, may yield interesting insights into marine mammal genital coevolution. We advocate for the use of alpha shapes to discern patterns of evolution that would otherwise not be possible in 3D anatomical structures lacking homologous landmarks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T20:59:26Z","timestamp":1613595566000},"page":"3210-3218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["3D genital shape complexity in female marine mammals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dara N.","family":"Orbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Texas A&amp;M University\u2010 Corpus Christi Corpus Christi TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Mount Holyoke College South Hadley MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Brassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia L. 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