{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:26:17Z","timestamp":1787502377015,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100028199","name":"Shark Conservation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100028199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) is known for its high diversity of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras). However, intense fishing pressure has led to severe population declines and local extinctions of several species. The Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA) process is a collaborative, evidence\u2010based approach used to identify critical habitat for chondrichthyans. We analysed ISRAs across the WIO to quantify the diversity of research methods used to identify them, evaluate spatial overlap with designated marine protected areas (MPAs), model the influence of several species\u2010 and jurisdiction\u2010specific variables on ISRA delineation, and explore the importance of incorporating unpublished data into the delineation process. In total, 125 ISRAs (covering &gt;\u20092.8 million km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; ~10% of total regional surface area) were identified within the WIO from surface waters to ~2000\u2009m depth. These ISRAs contain over one\u2010third (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009104, 39%) of the 270 chondrichthyan species reported from the region, with 76% being threatened with extinction according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The underlying evidence supporting ISRA identification was primarily drawn from relatively inexpensive research methods, such as visual census (25%) or fish\u2010market\/landing site surveys (22.6%), as well as citizen science (9.5%). Incorporating unpublished records substantially increased the frequency of ISRA delineation, leading to expanded taxonomic and geographic coverage. Still, the full dataset was influenced by the same biases as the published record, tending to favour large\u2010bodied, wide\u2010ranging, and shallow\u2010dwelling species. Only 7.1% of ISRAs are within designated MPAs, with just 1.2% in fully protected no\u2010take areas. The highest no\u2010take overlap occurs in the Seychelles and Chagos Archipelago. These findings highlight the shortfalls in spatial protection of chondrichthyan habitats, but also present a strategic opportunity for policy\u2010makers and resource managers to improve current MPA coverage and meet their commitments under international agreements, such as the Global Biodiversity Framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T06:56:02Z","timestamp":1768200962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Only One Percent of Important Shark and Ray Areas in the Western Indian Ocean Are Fully Protected From Fishing Pressure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse E. M.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2187-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Temple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Kyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University  Darwin Northwest Territories Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"},{"name":"Carrera de Biolog\u00eda Marina Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur  Lima Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Batlle\u2010Morera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9ophile L.","family":"Mouton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asia O.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"},{"name":"School of Science, Technology and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast  Hervey Bay Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph A.","family":"Rohner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"},{"name":"Marine Megafauna Foundation  West Palm Beach Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"KAUST Coral Restoration Initiative (KCRI) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4693-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Royale S.","family":"Hardenstine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9540-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlie J.","family":"McIvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor Nunes","family":"Peinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn A.","family":"O'Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloise B.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalli Valappil","family":"Akhilesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haleh","family":"Ali Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midaf Nature Conservation Society  Bandar Abbas Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem K.","family":"Almealla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuwat for Environmental Research &amp; Education  Janabiyah Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dareen","family":"Almojil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuwat for Environmental Research &amp; Education  Janabiyah Bahrain"},{"name":"Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biology New York University Abu Dhabi  Abu Dhabi UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Andrzejaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University  Pacific Grove California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arzucan N.","family":"Askin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyaru\u2014Shark Programme  Fuvahmulah Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avik A.","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society\u2014India Program  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid R.","family":"Bargahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kish Island Fisheries Office  Kish Island Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa J.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society\u2014India Program  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Barteneva\u2010Vitry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Megafauna Conservation Organisation (MMCO) Blue Water Divers Building  Trou aux Biches Mauritius"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (AREEO)  Bandar Abbas Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aymeric","family":"Bein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shark Citizen Association  La R\u00e9union France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhett H.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society\u2014Western Indian Ocean Shark Program  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Bocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Friends of Maldives  Mal\u00e9 Maldives"},{"name":"University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginevra","family":"Boldrocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Sciences of Innovation for the Territory (DiSUIT) University of Insubria  Como Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gill T.","family":"Braulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews  Fife UK"},{"name":"Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force Joint Initiative of the IUCN SSC and WCPA  Gland Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camrin D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  Woods Hole Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Brighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Safari Seychelles  Mah\u00e9 Seychelles"},{"name":"Alphonse Foundation, Alphonse &amp; St Fran\u00e7ois Atolls  Outer Islands Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances K. P.","family":"Budd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOSF\u2010D'arros Research Centre (SOSF\u2010DRC) Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF)  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Canovas Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme  Dhigurah Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron B.","family":"Carlisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean &amp; Environment University of Delaware  Lewes Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor K.","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center  Newport Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cha\u00faca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Institute of Mozambique  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremy","family":"Cliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildtrust  Pietermaritzburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estelle","family":"Crochelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mascarene Archipelago Elasmobranch Observatory (MAEO) Agence de Recherche Pour la Biodiversit\u00e9 \u00e0 La R\u00e9union (ARBRE)\u2014Biodiversity Research Agency of Reunion Island  Saint Gilles France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakia","family":"Cullain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Megafauna Foundation Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica Megafauna Marinha  Praia do Tofo Mozambique"},{"name":"Dalhousie University Department of Biology  Halifax Nova Scotia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Curnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"},{"name":"Oceanographic Research Institute  Durban KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"de Necker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildtrust  Pietermaritzburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Diamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madagascar Whale Shark Project Foundation  Nosy\u2010Be Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia F. A.","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)  D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"},{"name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Forschungsanstalt f\u00fcr Wald, Schnee Und Landschaft (WSL)  Birmensdorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"},{"name":"Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories San Jose State University  Moss Landing California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steering Committee, Species Survival Commission International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN SSC)  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igbal S.","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bahri  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel","family":"Elston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadine I.","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Research Institute  Durban KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M. S.","family":"Farrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science Al\u2010Azhar University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1645-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Fassbender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Around Us\u2014Indian Ocean, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia  Crawley WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean T.","family":"Fennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Oceanographic Research Institute  Durban KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stela M. C.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Institute of Mozambique  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Finucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)  Wellington New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Flam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gausmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum  Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Deutsche Elasmobranchier Gesellschaft e.V University of Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnault R. G.","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIP\u2014Centre S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Requin ZA Pointe Des Ch\u00e2teaux  Saint\u2010Leu La R\u00e9union France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giri Bhavan","family":"Sreekanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute  Old Goa Goa India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Biology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"EDGE of Existence Programme Zoological Society of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maldives Manta Conservation Programme (MMCP) M. Kureli. Buruzu Magu, Maafannu  Male Maldives"},{"name":"University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badr\u00fa N.","family":"Hagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceanographic Institute of Mozambique  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L. A.","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"University of Exeter  Cornwall UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Harvey\u2010Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme  Dhigurah Maldives"},{"name":"University of Gothenburg  G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa N.","family":"Hempson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mission Blue  Napa California USA"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University  Townsville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon T.","family":"Hilbourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua Hsun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal and Offshore Resources Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute Council of Agriculture  Kaohsiung City Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Ecology and Conservation National Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor D.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy  Mogadishu Somalia"},{"name":"City University of Mogadishu  Mogadishu Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M. P.","family":"Jacoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Jaquemet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union UMR Entropie  Saint\u2010Denis La R\u00e9union France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idrees","family":"Babu K K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology  Kavaratti Lakshadweep India"},{"name":"Lakshadweep Atoll Research Foundation  Lakshadweep India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya","family":"Karnad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies Ashoka University  Sonepat Haryana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Kaunda\u2010Arara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences University of Eldoret  Eldoret Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoba J.","family":"Kizhakudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison A.","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"},{"name":"Scientific Services, South African National Parks Cape Research Centre  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Koester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seychelles Islands Foundation  Victoria PO Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bigeyo N.","family":"Kuboja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baraka L.","family":"Kuguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S. E.","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF)  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Mahadalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silliman University  Dumaguete City Negros Oriental Philippines"},{"name":"National Museum of Somalia  Mogadishu Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hashim","family":"Manjebrayakath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) Atal Bhavan  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Mason\u2010Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Conservation Society Seychelles  Mah\u00e9 PO Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mateos\u2010Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emirates Nature\u2014World Wide Fund for Nature  Dubai UAE"},{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda e Hidrolog\u00eda Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muktha","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec B. M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ocean Sciences Bangor University  Anglesey UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9019-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Mourier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marbec, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD  S\u00e8te France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn S.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity  Makhanda South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University  PO South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay D.","family":"Nakhawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Nazurally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural &amp; Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Mauritius  R\u00e9duit Moka Mauritius"},{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University  Hakodate Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)  Victoria Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E. G.","family":"Nevill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Seychelles  Victoria Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Olbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildtrust  Pietermaritzburg South Africa"},{"name":"Nelson Mandela University University Way  Gqeberha South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel L.","family":"Ostrovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"Save Our Seas Foundation D'arros Research Centre (SOSF\u2010DRC)  Amirantes Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Perisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuvahmulah Dream NGO, Fuvahmulah Dive School  Fuvahmulah Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University  Southampton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Megafauna Foundation  West Palm Beach Florida USA"},{"name":"University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Pittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and the Environment Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Rahangdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Rambahiniarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa  Mombasa Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Rastgoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midaf Nature Conservation Society  Bandar Abbas Iran"},{"name":"Department of Environment of Hormozgan Province  Bandar Abbas Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Rezaie\u2010Atagholipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Medicine &amp; Health The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Qeshm Environmental Conservation Institute (QECI)  Qeshm Island Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sundive Research  Byron Bay New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1933-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melita A.","family":"Samoilys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa  Mombasa Kenya"},{"name":"Pwani University  Kilifi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamaryn J.","family":"Sawers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"Maldives Manta Conservation Programme (MMCP) M. Kureli. Buruzu Magu, Maafannu  Male Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittney J.","family":"Scannell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University  Southampton New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer V.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shark Research Institute  Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade L\u00fario (L\u00fario University)  Nampula Mozambique"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Quirimbas  Pemba Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadiyde","family":"Solonomenjanahary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blue Economy Ministry of Fisheries and the Blue Economy  Antananarivo Madagascar"},{"name":"Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (Minist\u00e8re de Environnement et du D\u00e9veloppement Durable)  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L. Y.","family":"Spaet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy M. W.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elspeth M.","family":"Strike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujitha","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"van Beuningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Society\u2014Western Indian Ocean Shark Program  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Venables","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)  Wellington New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Vossgaetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT)  Bremen Germany"},{"name":"University of Bremen  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella C.","family":"Weideli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine (ILM), Faculty of Medical Sciences Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL)  Triesen Liechtenstein"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivor D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collin T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Science and Solutions Applied Research Institute Education Research and Innovation Foundation, NEOM  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Willson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Seas Global SPC Mina Al Fahal  Muscat Sultanate of Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livi","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2013Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute  Kochi Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irthisham H.","family":"Zareer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maldives Whale Shark Research Programme  Dhigurah Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn M.","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Manta Trust  Dorset UK"},{"name":"Maldives Manta Conservation Programme (MMCP) M. Kureli. Buruzu Magu, Maafannu  Male Maldives"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Berumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6239-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rima W.","family":"Jabado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group  Dubai UAE"},{"name":"James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004570"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Deep\u2010Sea Fishing for Chondrichthyan Resources and Sustainability Concerns\u2014A Case Study From Southwest Coast of India","volume":"40","author":"Akhilesh K. V.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Geo\u2010Marine Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2021.104638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/154427310X12826772784793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"A Status Report Prepared by the Wildlife Conservation Society for the Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region","author":"Bennett R. H.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12101302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.13117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"The Conservation Status of Marine Biodiversity of the Western Indian Ocean","author":"Bullock R.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1518710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2012.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13917"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605312000547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2014.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.908516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2024.103404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.05.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Marine Science in the Red Sea: Proceedings of the 1982 International Scientific Conference on the Red Sea. Bulletin of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (Egypt)","author":"Compagno L. J. V.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/025776190784378646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Constance J. M. R.deCarvalho D. A.Ebert et\u00a0al.2024.\u201cTorpedo suessii.\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T161613A124515045."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Constance J. D. A.Ebert B. F.Fahmi B.Simeon andP. M.Kyne.2023.\u201cUrolophus javanicus.\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T60095A229337053."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity: Kunming\u2013Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework","author":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).2022.\u201cKunming\u2010Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (Decision CBD\/COP\/15\/4).\u201dSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Montreal Canada.https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop\u201015\/cop\u201015\u2010dec\u201004\u2010en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).2024.\u201cDecisions of the Conference of the Parties to CMS in Effect After Its 14th Meeting.\u201dCMS Secretariat.https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/cms_cop14_decisions_e.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12710"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1909582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2025.107921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps14490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas","author":"Day J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270918000102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160\u2010019\u201009572\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Dulvy N. K. P. M.Kyne B.Finucci andW. T.White.2020.\u201cCarcharhinus obsoletus.\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T115696622A115696628."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn1477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.11.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Sharks of the World: A Complete Guide","author":"Ebert D. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","volume-title":"ArcGIS Pro (Version 3.4)","author":"Esri","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/wiojms.si2025.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2023.110163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of the WIO\u2010Benth Project\u2014Benthic Habitats and Megafauna From Soft Sediments in the Western Indian Ocean","volume":"1","author":"Fennessy S. T.","year":"2025","journal-title":"WIO Journal of Marine Science Special Issue"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade9121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1270257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02386-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf0861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2024.106110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201079101\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2007.05.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605321000272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.968853"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Rare and Endemic Species: Why Are They Prone to Extinction?","volume":"35","author":"I\u015fik K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","volume-title":"A Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas, Version 1.0","author":"IUCN","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","volume-title":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2025\u20131)","author":"IUCN","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","volume-title":"Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA): Guidance on Criteria Application","author":"IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group (IUCN SSC SSG)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2018.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2021.151565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","volume-title":"Western Indian Ocean: A Regional Compendium of Important Shark and Ray Areas","author":"Jabado R. W.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201008752\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.811985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr01366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn1477"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643109148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u20102519\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2024.106448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/bix127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2021.1997814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Contributors.2024.\u201cOpenStreetMap [Data Set].\u201dOpenStreetMap Foundation Available as Open Data Under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).https:\/\/openstreetmap.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","volume-title":"Important Bird Areas in the European Community: A Contribution to a Preliminary Inventory of Areas of Particular Importance for the Conservation of Birds and Wetlands Considered of International Importance","author":"Osieck E. R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47193\/mafis.3812025010101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u201003173\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1148234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531542200100X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Shark Research: Emerging Technologies and Applications for the Field and Laboratory","author":"Pierce S. J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u201003173\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01820-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1444-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2006.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","volume-title":"Overview of the Sharkwatch Programme: 2009\u20132013","author":"Sattar S. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010020\u201003173\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(1999)024<0015:LME>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","volume-title":"Estimating Illegal Fishing Across the Indian Ocean","author":"Spijkers J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-017-9494-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.841789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","unstructured":"UNEP\u2010Nairobi Convention andWIOMSA.2021.\u201cWestern Indian Ocean Marine Protected Areas Outlook: Towards Achievement of the Global Biodiversity Framework Targets.\u201dUnited Nations Environment Programme Nairobi Kenya 298.https:\/\/www.wiomsa.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/WIOMPAO.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","volume-title":"UNEP\u2010WCMC Annual Review 2019","author":"UNEP\u2010WCMC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","unstructured":"UNEP\u2010WCMC andIUCN.2025.\u201cProtected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)\u201d[Internet]. UNEP\u2010WCMC & IUCN Cambridge UK.https:\/\/www.protectedplanet.net\/ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34892\/6fwd\u2010af11."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","volume-title":"Agreement Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement)","author":"United Nations","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1826","key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Fish, Fishers and Fisheries of the Western Indian Ocean: Their Diversity and Status. A Preliminary Assessment","volume":"363","author":"Elst R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ESR01243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"The Global Status of Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras","author":"Weigmann S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304\u20103800(95)00113\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010024\u201002129\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","unstructured":"World Bank.2024.\u201cWorld Development Indicators\u201d[Internet]. World Bank Washington DC.https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world\u2010development\u2010indicators."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","volume-title":"The Missing Millions From Shrimp and Tuna Fisheries in the South West Indian Ocean","author":"WWF","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.11.004"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73121","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000}}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.72690","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.72690","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.72690","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:34:21Z","timestamp":1772973261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.72690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.72690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.72690","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72690"}}