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However, most studies to date in this area have addressed bear population dynamics within the confines of country borders, which presents limitations. Our aim was to address this, by investigating the genetic structure and dispersal dynamics of the Eastern Balkan brown bear population and its connectivity with the Dinaric\u2010Pindos population from four mountain ranges and across country borders: Stara\u2010Planina and Rhodope in the east and Stari\u2010Vlah and Sharr Mountains in the west. Using both microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA data we detected a primary east\u2013west cline in genetic structure, with additional north\u2013south substructuring and high diversity overall. Evidence of past bottlenecks, historical isolation and ongoing cross\u2010border, and primarily male\u2010mediated gene flow, suggests complex dispersal dynamics shaped by past demographic fluctuations. Results from mitochondrial data further reflected signals from postglacial population contractions, re\u2010expansions of Balkan populations. These findings emphasise the need for conservation strategies that maintain transboundary connectivity in this metapopulation, to ensure the long\u2010term viability of brown bears on the Balkan Peninsula.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T08:42:56Z","timestamp":1766047376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dispersal Beyond Mountains and Borders: Asymmetrical Gene Flow Helps Maintain Brown Bear Metapopulation Connectivity on the Balkan Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3716-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charilaos","family":"Pylidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Balkani Wildlife Society  Sofia Bulgaria"},{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Matic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad  Novi Sad Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihajla","family":"Djan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad  Novi Sad Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostadin","family":"Valchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balkani Wildlife Society  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Du\u0161ko","family":"\u0106irovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Arangelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balkani Wildlife Society  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naroa","family":"Sarasua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU)  Leioa Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1721-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Mrazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4919-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali E.","family":"Basuony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Al\u2010Azhar University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Bruford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Cardiff University\u2010Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research (CIBR)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Cuyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bears in Mind  Rhenen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2340-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Hailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organisms and Environment, School of Biosciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Cardiff University\u2010Institute of Zoology Joint Laboratory for Biocomplexity Research (CIBR)  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Conservation and the Genetics of Populations","author":"Allendorf F. 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