{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:58:35Z","timestamp":1761897515273,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Foraging niche variation within a species can contribute to the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. The multiniche model posits that phenotypes occupying different niches can contribute to the maintenance of balanced polymorphisms. Using coastal populations of black bears (<jats:italic>Ursus americanus kermodei)<\/jats:italic>from British Columbia, Canada, we examined potential foraging niche divergence between phenotypes (black and white \u201cSpirit\u201d coat color) and between genotypes (black\u2010coated homozygote and heterozygous). We applied the Bayesian multivariate models, with biotracers of diet (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N) together comprising the response variable, to draw inference about foraging niche variation. Variance\u2013covariance matrices from multivariate linear mixed\u2010effect models were visualized as the Bayesian standard ellipses in \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N isotopic space to assess potential seasonal and annual niche variation between phenotypes and genotypes. We did not detect a difference in annual isotopic foraging niche area in comparisons between genotypes or phenotypes. Consistent with previous field experimental and isotopic analyses, however, we found that white phenotype Spirit bears were modestly more enriched in \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N during the fall foraging season, though with our modest sample sizes these results were not significant. Although also not statistically significant, variation in isotopic niches between genotypes revealed that heterozygotes were moderately more enriched in \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C along hair segments grown during fall foraging compared with black\u2010coated homozygotes. To the extent to which the pattern of elevated \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N and \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C may signal the consumption of salmon (<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus<\/jats:italic>spp.), as well as the influence of salmon consumption on reproductive fitness, these results suggest that black\u2010coated heterozygotes could have a minor selective advantage in the fall compared with black\u2010coated homozygotes. More broadly, our multivariate approach, coupled with knowledge of genetic variation underlying a polymorphic trait, provides new insight into the potential role of a multiniche mechanism in maintaining this rare morph of conservation priority in Canada's Great Bear Rainforest and could offer new understanding into polymorphisms in other systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T02:45:35Z","timestamp":1618368335000},"page":"5025-5037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intrapopulation foraging niche variation between phenotypes and genotypes of Spirit bear populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Service","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada"},{"name":"Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney BC Canada"},{"name":"Kitasoo Xai'xais Stewardship Authority Kitasoo\/Xai'xais First Nation Klemtu BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Reimchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris T.","family":"Darimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada"},{"name":"Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1740"},{"volume-title":"Conservation and the genetics of populations","year":"2016","author":"Allendorf F. W.","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8790.2004.00861.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/11-MAMM-S-166.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Consumption of salmon by Alaskan brown bears: A trade\u2010off between nutritional requirements and the risk of infanticide?","volume":"138","author":"Ben\u2010David M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"volume-title":"The white\u2010phase kermode bear, with particular reference to Princess Royal Island","year":"1997","author":"Blood D. A.","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703743104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1390675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cou010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2"},{"volume-title":"Somewhere between","year":"1966","author":"Carter A.","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226101811.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0562"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/670988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5962\/p.363480","article-title":"The gray wolves, Canis lupus, of British Columbia\u2019s central and north coast: Distribution and conservation assessment","volume":"116","author":"Darimont C. T.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Canadian Field Naturalist"},{"volume-title":"Ecological genetics","year":"1975","author":"Ford E. B.","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00569.x"},{"volume-title":"Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives","year":"1999","author":"Gilbert B. K.","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(2000)025<0015:AEOHAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01463.x"},{"volume-title":"D\u00e1duqv\u1e37\u00e11 q\u1e47txv \u01e6vi\u1e37\u00e1sax \u0313 \u030c To look at our traditional laws","year":"2018","author":"Heiltsuk Tribal Council","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1369361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01711.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1957.022.01.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2006)34[1320:TVISCA]2.0.CO;2"},{"volume-title":"Sensory modes, foraging profitability, colour polymorphism","year":"2004","author":"Klinka D. R.","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.01741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/281792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2003.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.10.027"},{"volume-title":"Spirit bears under siege: The case for the protection of Gribbell Island","year":"2012","author":"McCrory W. P.","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1"},{"volume-title":"A conservation area design for protection of the white black bear (Ursus americanus kermodei) on the central coast of British Columbia","year":"2001","author":"McCrory W. P.","key":"e_1_2_9_45_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0431157100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1812.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2017-0127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1788"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2018","author":"R Core Team","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z79-135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Predictive covariation among trophic, isotopic and genomic traits are consistent with intrapopulation diversifying selection","volume":"20","author":"Reimchen T. E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blx079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00448-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movement, and population growth of black bears in Northwestern Minnesota","volume":"97","author":"Rogers L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793104006487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Icon for an endangered ecosystem","volume":"48","author":"Sachs J. S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"National Wildlife"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","first-page":"556","volume-title":"Wild mammals of North America","author":"Schwartz C. C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101595"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-F-355.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.88.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Minimum viable population size: A meta\u2010analysis of 30 years of published estimates","volume":"9","author":"Traill L. W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","first-page":"616","article-title":"Genetic tagging of black bears","volume":"27","author":"Woods J. G.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.7276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:55:06Z","timestamp":1724831706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.7276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.7276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.7276","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2045-7758"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-7758"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}