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This is pronounced for aerial hawking bat species, for which prey activity is highly dependent on ambient temperature. Here, we describe changes in activity of female\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Eptesicus nilssonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , the northernmost breeding bat species, during gestation and lactation over several years at a roost site in southern Norway (60.1\u00b0\u2009N). Roost exits and returns were recorded using an infrared barrier at the entrance, and parturition dates were registered via a camera set inside the roost. Our results indicate significant temporal changes in body mass and behaviour throughout the breeding season. Lactating bats both exit the roost earlier than during gestation and return later. This behaviour is dependent on ambient temperature, with bats extending time outside the roost at elevated temperatures. These behaviours may occur as a response to the increased energetic needs of lactation, and the effect of increased temperature to reflect increased food availability which allows females to avoid increased predation pressure as a consequence of advanced roost exit or delayed return. The mass of females also decreases during lactation, suggesting high energetic demands during this period. Our small\u2010scale study suggests insights into underlying mechanisms in high latitude insectivorous bats that could assist in coping with a short season with fluctuating resources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1767807719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Behavioural Changes Across Gestation and Lactation in a Colony of Female Northern Bats (\n                    <i>Eptesicus nilssonii<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lilley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari Aas","family":"Fjelldal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences  \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"van der Kooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Education, Research and Consultancy Van der Kooij  Slattum Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2008.01447.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z01\u2010138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991\u2010021\u201000111\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wlb3.01540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information\u2010Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham K. 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