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Understanding how genetic diversity and structure in these species responded to past climate change is crucial for deciphering regional evolutionary mechanisms. Using chloroplast and nuclear genome data of 958 samples from 48 populations, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of\n                    <jats:italic>Primula sikkimensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We then investigated the lineage differentiation and dynamics of species by combining an Approximate Bayesian Computation procedure and species distribution modeling. Our study indicates that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. sikkimensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    maintained separate glacial refugia in the Hengduan Mountains and eastern Himalayas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our results suggest that postglacial range expansions onto the inner QTP plateau were accompanied by gene flow arising from both intraspecific secondary contact between previously isolated populations and interspecific hybridization events, which collectively enhanced genetic diversity and adaptive capacity in plateau populations. Our findings underscore the critical role of postglacial population dynamics and gene flow in shaping genetic diversity and adaptive potential of alpine endemics like\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. sikkimensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , highlighting evolutionary responses to Quaternary climate change on the QTP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:16:47Z","timestamp":1770113807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Glacial Refugia and Complex Postglacial Dynamics of\n                    <i>Primula sikkimensis<\/i>\n                    (Primuaceae) in the Heterogeneous Qinghai\u2010Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hua\u2010Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Materia Medica Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine  Kunming China"},{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Ting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming China"},{"name":"Yongzhou Vocational Technical College  Yongzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi\u2010Hua","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan\u2010Mi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Cultivation and Utilization, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing\u2010Hong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Ying","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Crop Wild Relatives Omics, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Kunming China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Germplasm Bank of Wild Species &amp; 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