{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:24:23Z","timestamp":1787034263329,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2043905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2043905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding how selection acts on individual genotypes often requires genotyping at different life stages and tracking their survival under experimental conditions. However, in mollusks, such as the Eastern oyster (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crassostrea virginica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), collecting sufficient high\u2010quality DNA without causing mortality remains challenging. While prior studies have explored different noninvasive genotyping methods, an optimal method hasn't been identified. Here, we tested different techniques by combining two minimally invasive accession techniques (relaxation, shell notching), four types of cell sampling (swab, mantle biopsy, hemolymph, and extrapallial fluid), and three preservation techniques (flash freezing, ethanol, and FTA card) using nine different treatment groups. We monitored mortality for 11\u2009days after cell sampling and quantified the effects of each treatment on mortality rates, DNA quality, and DNA quantity. Our results show that mantle biopsies from relaxed oysters preserved in ethanol yielded DNA quantities comparable to the control groups and significantly higher than either of the liquid samples, while maintaining low post\u2010sampling mortality. Logistic model regression demonstrated that oysters from this treatment that are longer than 61\u2009mm have a greater than 90% chance of survival. These findings establish a viable method for genotyping juvenile oysters while minimizing post\u2010sampling mortality, and will facilitate future studies on genomic selection, individual\u2010level survival responses to stress and disease, and repeated measures of gene expression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:39:45Z","timestamp":1772959185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing Minimally Lethal Sampling Methods for Genomics in the Eastern Oyster (\n                    <i>Crassostrea virginica<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7830-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Northeastern University Marine Science Center  Nahant Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2640-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science William &amp; Mary  Gloucester Point Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7529-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie E.","family":"Lotterhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Northeastern University Marine Science Center  Nahant Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1935741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306\u2010021\u201001820\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav3824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044\u20108486(01)00900\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tpg2.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201017008\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023332216713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1134844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12121982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.10.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Cameron L. P.2020.\u201cUnderstanding Patterns of Bivalve Vulnerability and Resilience to Ocean Acidification: Insights From Field Studies Tank Experiments and Novel Physiological Studies.\u201d PhD diss. Northeastern University."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/PHD.25014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044\u20108486(99)00257\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps341303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giac068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864\u2010018\u20104519\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10152\u2010010\u20100190\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.566419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1083106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317745111"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Utility of FTA Cards for the Preservation of Marine Green and Red Algal DNA","volume":"125","author":"Freshwater D. 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