{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:15:18Z","timestamp":1787501718249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mosquitoes (family: Culicidae) include several species that act as vectors of major human diseases by transmitting pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (malaria), dengue virus (dengue), filarial worms (filariasis), and various other arboviruses. Species from the subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae are key transmitters of pathogens. This research aimed to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among different species of mosquitoes collected from five districts of central Nepal. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (\n                    <jats:italic>COI<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>ITS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes were employed for genetic diversity. A total of 7223 mosquitoes were gathered, encompassing 18 species from eight genera across an altitudinal range from 62 to 3840\u2009m above sea level. From the collected mosquitoes, 114 high\u2010quality sequences were obtained.\n                    <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited lower diversity, with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.46\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20 and a nucleotide diversity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of 0.006. The significantly negative Tajima's\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    value (\u22121.76,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) suggests the possibility of a recent population expansion or the effect of purifying selection on this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clades for most genera, while\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited paraphyly. Intraspecific genetic divergence (K2P distances) was below 2.39%, while interspecific divergence exceeded 8%. The highest interspecific divergence was observed between\n                    <jats:italic>Tx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>splendens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>subpictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (25.28%), and the lowest between\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0.43%). Haplotype network analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited a star\u2010like pattern with a widely shared central haplotype and low\u2010frequency variants, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a more structured network with two main clusters. These findings provide valuable information on the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among mosquito species in Nepal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:44:18Z","timestamp":1774305858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punya Ram","family":"Sukupayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Bhaktapur Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University  Bhaktapur Nepal"},{"name":"Central Department of Zoology Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deegendra","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3671-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyoti","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram Chandra","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)  Lalitpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-1786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirth Raj","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tri\u2010Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756\u2010019\u201000231\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686\u2010023\u201000721\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.2.0750251"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92874-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000343"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13762"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1579\/0044\u20107447(2008)37[114:ecitbs]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201085442\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"Land Resource Mapping Project, Land System Report\u2014The Soil Landscapes of Nepal","author":"Carson B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2020.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010014\u20100569\u20104"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Biology of Toxorhynchites Mosquitoes and Their Potential as Biocontrol Agents","volume":"21","author":"Collins L. E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biocontrol News and Information"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102915.2006.00653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201074883\u20103"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Revision of Darsie and Ward (1981) to Include Ochlerotatus japonicus Theobald and a Checklist of Species Referred to the Genus Ochlerotatus in the Nearctic Region","volume":"18","author":"Darsie R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"The Mosquitoes of Nepal: Their Identification, Distribution and Biology","volume":"22","author":"Darsie R. F.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mosquito Systematics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North of Mexico","author":"Darsie R. F.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060620"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010020\u201004521\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13866"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-001-0399-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"Harbach R. E.2024.\u201cValid Species.\u201d Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory.https:\/\/mosquito\u2010taxonomic\u2010inventory.myspecies.info\/valid\u2010species\u2010list."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2218"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4250.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.700.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035\u20109203(96)90345\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022\u20102585(2007)44[1:dbcdso]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70493"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676\u201006032012000300029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12885"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24\u20100685"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9456-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936\u2010022\u201000305\u20107"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Illustrated Keys to the Mosquitoes of Thailand. II. Genera Culex and Lutzia","volume":"36","author":"Rattanarithikul R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20105967.2003.tb00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010020\u20100648\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","volume-title":"Pictorial Keys for the Identification of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Associated With Dengue Virus Transmission","author":"Rueda L. M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2001113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.04.020735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010017\u20101092\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010016\u20101295\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3529261"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Revision of the Adult and Larval Mosquitoes of Japan (Including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae)","author":"Tanaka K.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v13.i4.95450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071\u2010018\u20102810\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936\u2010017\u20101876\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","volume-title":"Pictorial Identification Key of Important Disease Vectors in the WHO South\u2010East Asia Region","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","unstructured":"WHO.2020b.\u201cVector\u2010Borne Diseases.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/vector\u2010borne\u2010diseases."}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73249","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.73249","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T23:07:10Z","timestamp":1785971230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.73249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.73249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.73249","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73249"}}