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Tectonic activity in this region has given rise to modern New Guinea, a relatively young island with extreme topographic heterogeneity and evolutionarily complex biota. New Guinea\u2014particularly the East Papuan Composite Terrane (EPCT)\u2014supports exceptional frog diversity; however, evolutionary histories of many frogs of the EPCT are poorly understood. The microhylid frog genus\n                    <jats:italic>Mantophryne<\/jats:italic>\n                    currently includes five described species (\n                    <jats:italic>M. axanthogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M. insignis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M. louisiadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M. menziesi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. lateralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with the first four confined to small portions of the EPCT and the last distributed across the eastern half of New Guinea. The biogeographic history of these frogs remained incompletely resolved at the time of our study. We estimate that\n                    <jats:italic>Mantophryne<\/jats:italic>\n                    diverged from other microhylid genera approximately 14.4 million years ago (MYA) and began to speciate ca. 8.5\u2009MYA. We recover eight distinct lineages within frogs assigned to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>M. lateralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , which started to diverge ca. 5.5\u2009MYA. Dispersal of\n                    <jats:italic>Mantophryne<\/jats:italic>\n                    out of the EPCT occurred in the late Pliocene, around the time the Central Highlands expanded eastward to connect with the EPCT. Six pairs of sister lineages arose during a time of significant climate reorganisation in the Late Pliocene\u2014Early Pleistocene when it is possible that areas to the north of the Central Highlands experienced increased precipitation, while areas south of the Central Highlands experienced lower rainfall, resulting in contraction of rainforests and expansion of savannahs. We did not identify any significant differences in habitus between lineages, other than\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>M. louisiadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    which is much larger than all other\n                    <jats:italic>Mantophryne,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and has exceptionally high sexual\u2010size dimorphism. While an interrogation of the putative cryptic species complex within the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>M. lateralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    clade is beyond the scope of our study, we find that a combination of tectonic rearrangement and climatic history are likely responsible for most of the diversity within the genus that we see today.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:35:57Z","timestamp":1778074557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic Diversification in a New Guinean Frog Genus (\n                    <i>Mantophryne<\/i>\n                    , Microhylidae) was Driven by Ancient Tectonic Activity and Climate Reorganisation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6760-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"School of Science, Engineering &amp; Environment University of Salford  Salford UK"},{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4194-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8826-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Deepak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saunak","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0251-3884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herpetology Department South Australian Museum  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon T.","family":"Maddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle UK"},{"name":"Natural History Museum  London UK"},{"name":"Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre University of Seychelles  Anse Royale Seychelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0743\u20109547(94)00032\u2010A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1306\/D4267F82\u20102B26\u201011D7\u20108648000102C1865D"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-040809-152540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/93TC00235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01426-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GC000252"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939708680502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35075500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21425\/fob.18.137988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP346.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zse.92.7629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-9120(01)00069-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp274"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A New Species of the Miniaturized Frog Genus Paedophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) From Papua New Guinea","volume":"745","author":"Kraus F.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occasional Papers of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-021-02242-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"A Review of Techniques for Quantifying Sexual Size Dimorphism","volume":"56","author":"Lovich J. 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