{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:49:50Z","timestamp":1782103790782,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Egg recognition and rejection constitute essential host defenses against brood parasitism, with rejection decisions reflecting evolutionary adaptations shaped by cost\u2013benefit trade\u2010offs. Although long\u2010term studies have established correlations between egg rejection behavior and parasitism risk, it remains unclear whether hosts can dynamically adjust their defenses in response to stage\u2010specific parasitic threats across different breeding periods. We investigated temporal variation in egg recognition and rejection latency in the green\u2010backed tit (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Parus monticolus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), analyzing both seasonal patterns and stage\u2010specific responses within breeding cycles. Our findings reveal that while rejection behavior remained consistently precise throughout the breeding season without seasonal variation, we observed a striking stage\u2010dependent pattern: complete acceptance of parasitic eggs during laying followed by near\u2010total rejection during incubation. This biphasic response contrasts sharply with patterns reported in most other host species. We propose this unique recognition strategy stems from the tit's egg\u2010covering behavior during laying\u2014an adaptation likely driven by nest predation pressure that temporarily suppresses anti\u2010parasitic defenses. These results demonstrate that green\u2010backed tits have evolved independent adaptive responses to distinct selective pressures: nest predation during egg\u2010laying and brood parasitism during incubation. This study provides new insights into the plasticity of host defenses and suggests that species with egg\u2010covering behaviors may develop specialized anti\u2010parasitic strategies. Our findings offer important implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of host\u2013parasite interactions and establish a framework for investigating recognition behaviors in other cavity\u2010nesting hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T02:49:35Z","timestamp":1775098175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Divergent Egg\u2010Rejection Strategies Between Laying and Incubation Periods in the Green\u2010Backed Tit (\n                    <i>Parus monticolus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education) China West Normal University  Nanchong China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University  Haikou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Canchao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University  Haikou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u2010048X.2002.02894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats","author":"Davies N. 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