{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:05:03Z","timestamp":1788350703012,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016110","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorophenols are common aquatic pollutants from industrial and agricultural runoff that have adverse effects on living organisms and aquatic ecosystems in general. While aquatic wildlife is often exposed to these contaminants simultaneously, little is known about their combined effects. To fill this gap, we tested whether and how exposure to relevant concentrations of phenanthrene (Phe), 2,4\u2010dichlorophenol (2,4\u2010DCP), or a mixture of both altered key behaviors in brine shrimp (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Artemia parthenogenetica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), an emerging model in behavioral ecotoxicology. We exposed newborns to one of four treatments until adulthood: control, Phe (400\u2009ng\/L), 2,4\u2010DCP (400\u2009ng\/L), and the combination of both Phe and 2,4\u2010DCP (400\u2009ng\/L each). We repeatedly measured individual activity levels at adulthood in both the x\u2010y plane (distance moved) and in three dimensions (mobility), as suggested for planktonic animals. We found that Phe, but not 2,4\u2010DCP, significantly reduced average activity levels that were better captured by looking at activity in three than two dimensions. When combined, the pollutants appeared to exhibit an antagonistic interaction, with 2,4\u2010DCP mitigating phenanthrene's negative impact on average mobility levels. Moving beyond average effects, we tested whether effects also appeared at the individual level. Our analysis revealed that within\u2010individual variation (behavioral plasticity) in mobility decreased substantially in all exposure treatments compared to unexposed animals, whereas between\u2010individual variation (behavioral individuality) did not vary. Our findings highlight the importance of considering interactive and individual\u2010level effects of pollutants in ecological risk assessment, as effects may differ from predictions based on single contaminants and average responses alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:17:34Z","timestamp":1776399454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interactive Effects of Two Global Contaminants on Behavioral Variation in Brine Shrimp"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Favero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Melita","family":"Palmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina C.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Bardhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Barbarossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialetizia","family":"Palomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Canestrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Polverino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00463G"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10406638.2020.1755322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.14152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez I. 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