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Despite this revival, remarkably little is known about their evolution. One of the most intriguing psychedelic compounds is psilocybin, the compound found in \u2018magic\u2019 mushrooms and used in ritual ceremonies in North America for generations. Associated with agaricomycete fungi across eight distantly related genera, psilocybin acts in a similar way to the neurotransmitter serotonin, yet how and why natural selection favoured its biosynthesis remains unclear. Given the resemblance to serotonin, a highly conserved neurotransmitter across invertebrates and vertebrates, modulation of invertebrate behaviour for defence is a likely explanation, but neither this nor alternative hypotheses have ever been formally tested. Here, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae exposed to extracts from\n                    <jats:italic>Psilocybe<\/jats:italic>\n                    mushrooms exhibit reduced survival, pupation rates, and inhibited locomotion. Adults exposed during development show reduced thorax and wing size, along with small but significant deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in wing venation, indicating developmental stress. However, mutants lacking the serotonin receptor that mediates psilocybin's effects in humans (5HT2A) showed the same response to\n                    <jats:italic>Psilocybe<\/jats:italic>\n                    extracts as wild\u2010type flies. Furthermore, DNA metabarcoding revealed that although\n                    <jats:italic>Psilocybe semilanceata<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrates a distinct invertebrate community compared to most other grassland fungi, it overlapped with the non\u2010psychedelic species\n                    <jats:italic>Mycena epipterygia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study provides a crucial first step toward understanding the evolutionary role of psilocybin\u2010producing fungi and provides a grounding for future research into the molecular mechanisms, ecological interactions and evolutionary origins of psychedelic compounds in nature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:45:16Z","timestamp":1776923116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wherefore the Magic? The Evolutionary Role of Psilocybin in Nature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. J.","family":"Matthews Nicholass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4869-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Flis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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