{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:32:59Z","timestamp":1790771579434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Testing possible exposure routes of pesticides is essential for assessing the risks to pollinators. In Australia, the pesticide\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    var.\n                    <jats:italic>israelensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is widely used in mosquito control programs and applied aerially to mangrove and saltmarsh habitats.\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    formulations contain both bacterial spores and toxins, allowing detection using DNA\u2010based methods, whereas bee foraging behaviour can be quantified by pollen DNA metabarcoding. We combined these approaches to investigate both the foraging behaviour of stingless bees and their potential exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    in coastal mosquito habitats. Sentinel hives of the stingless bee\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Tetragonula carbonaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Meliponini) were placed at two field sites subjected to routine aerial\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatments. Stingless bee foraging behaviour was assessed by ITS2 metabarcoding of pollen collected from returning foragers, and a\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific qPCR assay was applied to the same pollen samples, hive stores and the bodies of foraging bees after pollen removal. ITS2 metabarcoding revealed that foragers predominantly visited\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Avicennia marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (grey mangrove; Acanthaceae) flowers during the early exposure period, a period of peak flowering in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , shifting to\n                    <jats:italic>Schinus terebinthifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Brazilian peppertree; Anacardiaceae) and other non\u2010mangrove species later in the study.\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in pollen loads from 27% of pollen samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009184) and 4% of adults (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009287) after pollen removal, identifying contaminated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pollen as the primary exposure pathway in the studied environments. A single pollen pot in one of the eight tested was positive, suggesting potential accumulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    in hive stores. Detected\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    concentrations matched the expected concentrations from field applications and likely pose little risk to stingless bees, but our findings highlight exposure mechanisms that are likely to be significant for pesticides with greater toxicity. The\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    qPCR system developed here provides a way to experimentally manipulate and further investigate insecticide exposure pathways for stingless bees.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T06:37:36Z","timestamp":1776667056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pollen Exposed to Aerial Pesticide Spray Is a Major Exposure Pathway for Stingless Bees"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6468-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Hereward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland, UQ  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosquito Control Laboratory QIMR\u2010Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland, UQ  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Environment and Science Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland, UQ  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosquito Control Laboratory QIMR\u2010Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Alsemgeest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Laboratory, Public Space Operations Brisbane City Council  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor J.","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mosquito Control Laboratory QIMR\u2010Berghofer Medical Research Institute  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Furlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment The University of Queensland, UQ  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6041222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/99.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1893\/0005-3155-84.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2025.106837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02765555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201016054\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52537\/humanimalia.9927"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Flower\u2010Visiting Insects of Five Tree Species in a Restored Area of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest","volume":"40","author":"Fragoso F. 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