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Differentiation between neighboring or sympatric populations is thought to be driven by foraging specialization and social organization, which can lead to reproductive isolation and facilitate the emergence of distinct ecotypes or morphotypes. Here, we use whole\u2010genome resequencing and compound\u2010specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids to investigate links between genetic and ecological differentiation in two genetically distinct killer whale populations in the northwest Atlantic, specifically in the eastern Canadian Arctic and Greenland (ECAG1 and ECAG2). Essential amino acid stable carbon isotope ratios (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C) suggest that the populations maintain largely distinct distributions or habitat use patterns. Amino acid\u2010specific stable nitrogen isotope ratios (\u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N) indicate ECAG1 has a higher trophic level diet than ECAG2. Previously undetected genetic substructure within the ECAG1 population revealed finer\u2010scale genetic differentiation between individuals sampled in the eastern Canadian Arctic and those sampled in more temperate northwest Atlantic waters. However, small sample sizes prevented exploration of isotopic differentiation among them. Within ECAG1, considerable interannual variation in \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N amino acid values of seven individuals sampled across different years suggests some degree of ecological plasticity. Concurrent genetic and ecological differentiation suggests that northwest Atlantic killer whales have diverged ecologically, possibly in allopatry, and are now reproductively isolated under secondary contact, comparable to population\u2010level differences observed in other regions. However, their degree of ecological plasticity and secondary contact within expanding Arctic ranges raises questions about whether current levels of divergence will be maintained or eroded with ongoing Arctic warming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1777549278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic and Ecological Divergence Between Northwest Atlantic Killer Whale Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caila E.","family":"Kucheravy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Arctic Fisheries and Marine Mammal Science Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelien","family":"de Greef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven H.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Arctic Fisheries and Marine Mammal Science Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cortney A.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Arctic Fisheries and Marine Mammal Science Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack W.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre Fisheries and Oceans Canada  St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J.","family":"Kiszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Garroway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cory J. D.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Arctic Fisheries and Marine Mammal Science Division Fisheries and Oceans Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.1996.tb00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095804"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps342085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2009.7.740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20107692.2008.00206.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u2010185X.2012.00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Doniol\u2010Valcroze T. 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