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However, substantial inter\u2010individual variability in egg\u2010rejection behavior remains unexplained. A critical prerequisite for egg ejection is the recognition of the parasitic egg. Hosts may improve recognition accuracy by increasing inspection frequency and duration, thereby facilitating comparisons between the foreign egg and their own eggs. In this study, we investigated the relationship between egg inspection and egg\u2010rejection behavior in the Daurian redstarts\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Phoenicurus auroreus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , a common host of the common cuckoo\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cuculus canorus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Following the introduction of a model cuckoo egg, redstart females increased both the frequency and duration of egg inspection. Moreover, individuals that inspected the parasitic egg more frequently and for longer were more likely to recognize it. However, inspection behavior was not associated with subsequent egg ejection. Therefore, our results demonstrate that egg inspection enhances recognition of the parasitic egg but does not directly translate into ejection decisions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:00:23Z","timestamp":1779325223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Egg\u2010Inspection Frequency Predicts Egg Recognition but Not Ejection in a Cuckoo Host"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1728-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guobin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences Liaoning University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Beijing Normal University  Zhuhai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0769-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donglai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences Liaoning University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-567X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats","author":"Davies N. 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